Carlos O'Connor Reina
Peter Baptista
Guillermo Plaza- 1Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Quironsalud Marbella, Marbella, Spain
- 2Otorhinolaryngology Department, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- 3Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- 4Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Sanitas La Zarzuela, Madrid, Spain
A Commentary on
Physical therapy for sleep apnea: a smartphone application for home-based physical therapy for patients with obstructive sleep apnea
by Bui-Diem, K., Hung, C.-H., Zhu, G.-C., Tho, N. V., Nguyen-Binh, T., Vu-Tran-Thien, Q., To-Truong, D., Ngo-Thanh, H., and Duong-Quy, S. (2023). Front. Neurol. 14:1124059. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1124059
Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common respiratory disease, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Telemedicine based on smartphone apps to treat this disease seems worthwhile. Myofunctional therapy is one of the options to treat OSA, and it has been recommended only for specific cases seeking alternative treatments and who are reluctant to undertake surgical or mechanical strategies (1).
State of the art
In this journal, a recent manuscript published by Bui-Diem et al. (2) raised some issues we would like to address here. Our group designed an app called Airway Gym (3) to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that promotes proprioceptive rehabilitation and coordination of the airway muscles (4). This app includes nine exercises based on myofunctional therapy aimed at improving the tonicity of the various muscles involved in the pathogenesis of OSA (5). Before each exercise, an animated demonstration and a video with a real person are shown to the patient (Figure 1) so that they learn how to perform the exercise. After each exercise, the patient receives visual, acoustic, and tactile feedback about the success of their performance as a point score. When the patient finishes the exercises, the results are saved on a networked online storage (in the cloud), and a therapist can evaluate the patient's adherence and performance of the exercises. Users of the app can follow the progress of their daily activity over time. A chat function is available through which the patient can contact the therapist directly. Additional information can be found on the AirwayGym webpage https://airwaygym.app/en/gymnasts-homepage.
Figure 1. Video of a real person performing an oropharyngeal exercise.
Randomized clinical trial with an app
We have already performed a randomized clinical trial (6) where the intervention group with severe OSA showed significant improvements in most metrics of OSA scores. The control group just performed sham therapy. The apnea-hypopnea index decreased by 53.4% from 44.7 (range 33.8–55.6) to 20.9 (14.0–27.7) events/h (p-value < 0.001). The oxygen desaturation index decreased by 46.5% from 36.3 (27.2–43.4) to 19.4 (12.9–26.0) events/h (p = 0.003). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score decreased from 10.3 (8.7–12.2) to 5.4 (3.4–7.3) in the app group (p < 0.001). Since Eckert (7) defined non-anatomical factors or 'phenotypes' as crucial determinants of OSA for many people, our group has focused on investigating those with a weakness in pharyngeal dilator muscle control known as “Hypotonic.” Studies performed with our app demonstrated that this was the best phenotype to improve adherence and receive myofunctional therapy (8).
In their article, Bui-Diem et al. (2) designed an app that, to the best of their knowledge, is the first application designed to assist patients with OSA in performing rehabilitation programs at home. However, they mentioned Airway Gym in their article and considered it an application for sleep apnea to practice upper airway muscle strength, although they erroneously mentioned that the video of our app does not show a real person. Furthermore, the use of their app (1) is clearly very similar to how we use ours, and they did not reference any of our works that would support this assertion.
Conclusion
We believe that our app has been underestimated by the authors and truly was the first designed to perform a rehabilitation program at home using real-person videos based on enhanced tone and proprioceptive deficit of upper airway muscles in OSA patients. Future publications by Bui-Diem et al. should always reference articles on which they have based their idea; in this case, we consider it based on the concept from our research.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
CO'C: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. PB: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. GP: Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
CO'C is the author of Airway Gym and has a financial interest in this app.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Randerath W, Verbraecken J, de Raaff CAL, Hedner J, Herkenrath S, Hohenhorst W, et al. European Respiratory Society guideline on non-CPAP therapies for obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir Rev. (2021) 30:210200. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0200-2021
2. Bui-Diem K, Hung CH, Zhu GC, Tho NV, Nguyen-Binh T, Vu-Tran-Thien Q, et al. Physical therapy for sleep apnea: a smartphone application for home-based physical therapy for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Front Neurol. (2023) 14:1124059. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1124059
3. O'Connor Reina C, Plaza G, Ignacio-Garcia JM, Baptista Jardin P, Garcia-Iriarte MT, Casado-Morente JC, et al. New mHealth application software based on myofunctional therapy applied to sleep-disordered breathing in non-compliant subjects. Sleep Sci Pract. (2020) 4:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s41606-019-0040-8
4. Rodríguez-Alcalá L, Martínez JML, Baptista P, Ríos Fernández R, Javier Gómez F, Parejo Santaella J, et al. Sensorimotor tongue evaluation and rehabilitation in patients with sleep-disordered breathing: a novel approach. J Oral Rehabil. (2021) 48:1363–72. doi: 10.1111/joor.13247
5. O'Connor Reina C, Plaza Mayor G, Ignacio-Garcia JM, Baptista Jardin P, Garcia-Iriarte MT, Casado-Morente JC. Floppy closing door epiglottis treated successfully with an Mhealth application based on myofunctional therapy: a case report. Case Rep Otolaryngol. (2019) 2019:1–4. doi: 10.1155/2019/4157898
6. O'Connor-Reina C, Ignacio Garcia JM, Rodriguez Ruiz E, Morillo Dominguez MDC, Ignacio Barrios V, Baptista Jardin P, et al. Myofunctional therapy app for severe apnea–hypopnea sleep obstructive syndrome: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth. (2020) 8:e23123. doi: 10.2196/23123
7. Eckert DJ. Phenotypic approaches to obstructive sleep apnoea - New pathways for targeted therapy. Sleep Med Rev. (2018) 37:45–59. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.12.003
Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, home-based physical therapy, smartphone application, physical therapy, respiratory muscle training
Citation: O'Connor Reina C, Baptista P and Plaza G (2024) Commentary: Physical therapy for sleep apnea: a smartphone application for home-based physical therapy for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Front. Neurol. 15:1373229. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1373229
Received: 19 January 2024; Accepted: 12 February 2024;
Published: 04 March 2024.
Edited by:
Ding Zou, University of Gothenburg, SwedenReviewed by:
Brandon Nokes, University of California, San Diego, United StatesHarald Hrubos-Strøm, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
Copyright © 2024 O'Connor Reina, Baptista and Plaza. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Carlos O'Connor Reina, carlos.oconnor@quironsalud.es