Predictive value of Caprini risk assessment model, D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels on lower extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Introduction: Research indicates that individuals experiencing hemorrhagic stroke face a greater likelihood of developing lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) compared to those with ischemic stroke. This study aimed to assess the predictive capacity of the Caprini risk assessment model (RAM), D-dimer (D-D) levels, and fibrinogen (FIB) levels for lower extremity DVT in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH).

Methodology: This study involved a retrospective analysis of medical records from all sICH patients admitted to Shanghai General Hospital between June 2020 and June 2023. Within 48 h of admission, patients underwent routine screening via color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS). Patients were categorized into the DVT and control groups based on the occurrence of lower extremity DVT during hospitalization. Differences in Caprini RAM, D-dimer, and FIB levels between the two groups were compared. The sensitivity and specificity of combined Caprini RAM, peripheral blood D-dimer, and FIB levels in predicting lower extremity DVT in sICH patients were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed the overall predictive accuracy of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels.

Results: The study involving 842 sICH patients revealed 225 patients with DVT and 617 patients without DVT. Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels were significantly higher in the DVT group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Sensitivity values for Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels in predicting lower extremity DVT in sICH patients were 0.920, 0.893, and 0.680, respectively, while specificities were 0.840, 0.680, and 0.747, respectively. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.947 for combined DVT prediction, with 97.33% sensitivity and 92.00% specificity, indicating superior predictive value compared to individual applications of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels.

Conclusion: The combined utilization of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels holds significant clinical relevance in predicting lower extremity DVT in sICH patients.

Introduction

Spontaneous Intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a severe subtype of stroke with high mortality and disability rates, and sICH accounts for approximately 10%−15% of all strokes (1). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is common in stroke patients due to hemiplegia, long-term bed rest, and other reasons. Depending on literature reports (2–4), the incidence of DVT in acute stroke patients is 45%, and the incidence of DVT in severe hemiplegia patients is as high as 60%~75%. DVT prophylaxis might be a potential target to improve clinical outcomes after sICH. In addition, the optimal approach for DVT prophylaxis in an sICH patient is a challenge of balancing the reduction in the incidence of DVT without risking an increase in sICH. However, no reliable scoring system is currently available to predict in-hospital DVT after sICH in routine clinical practice or clinical trials (5).

Plasma D-D level is a valuable diagnostic test for the exclusion of DVT, but it is uncertain whether plasma D-D level can predict the occurrence of DVT in patients with sICH. Ogata et al. (6) and Cheng et al. (7) found that high plasma D-D level was an independent risk factor for DVT in patients with sICH. Chen et al. (8) suggested that D-D combined with albumin could well predict DVT in patients with sICH. However, Johansson et al. (9) found that high plasma D-D concentrations were associated with an increased risk of future cerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, one of the aims of this study was to investigate whether plasma D-D levels at admission were associated with the development of DVT in patients with sICH.

Studies Wolberg and Sang (10) and Aleman et al. (11) have shown the mechanism by which fibrinogen (FIB) levels affect the size, composition, and stability of venous thrombosis. However, Chitsaz et al. (12) found that there was no significant difference in average FIB level between sICH and ischemic stroke patients. This study further explores the influence of FIB level on DVT in patients with sICH. The Caprini risk assessment model (RAM) has been extensively used to predict venous thromboembolism (VTE) in clinical diagnosis and treatment (13). However, the Caprini RAM lacks specificity in predicting DVT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical value of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels in predicting the occurrence of lower extremity DVT in patients with sICH.

Subjects and methods

Study population

This research involved consecutive sICH patients from the emergency internal medicine of the Shanghai General Hospital from June 2020 to June 2023 (Figure 1). The patients were divided into the DVT group and the control group according to whether lower extremity DVT occurred. Patients who fulfilled each of the inclusion criteria were included: patients with age ≥ 18 years old; patients who met the diagnostic criteria for sICH (14); patients who had first onset and for an acute period (duration < 14 days); and patients with no lower extremity DVT at admission.

Figure 1

Figure 1. The flow of patient selection. ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; DVT, deep venous thrombosis.

The following were the exclusion criteria: patients with severe coagulation dysfunction and blood disease; patients with severe liver and kidney diseases; patients who used anticoagulant drugs or antiplatelet drugs 3 months before admission; patients with incomplete electronic data; and patients who died 48 h after admission.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Shanghai General Hospital [2023186]. Each procedure adhered to the Helsinki Declaration. Due to the application of a retrospective study design, written consent was not required.

Ultrasonic examination method and standard for diagnosing DVT

Lower extremity Doppler examination was performed again during hospitalization when the patient had symptoms of deep venous thrombosis. We used Vivid 7 Dimension (GE, USA) with the 7–10-Hz linear probe. The patient was in a supine position with legs apart, slightly external rotation, and abduction. The following areas of the leg were examined: the iliac veins and calf veins, the superficial femoral vein, the common femoral vein at the inguinal ligament, and the popliteal vein at the knee joint line traced down to the point of the trifurcation of the calf veins. Veins were scanned in the transverse plane only. Diagnostic criteria for deep venous thrombosis included echoes in the venous cavity of varying intensity, plaque partially occupying the lumen of the blood vessel; if the probe was pressurized, the venous lumen could not be completely crushed. When the deep vein was partially embolized, the blood flow signal detected by the probe showed the blood flow filled with defects; only after squeezing the distal limb could a small amount of blood flow be seen. In contrast, when the deep vein was completely embolized, the probe could not detect blood flow at the lesion, and the distal blood flow did not increase when squeezed.

2013 Caprini RAM

In this study, we applied the Caprini RAM edition 2013 (Figure 2), which excluded some expensive and impractical laboratory variables and optimized some risk factors, unlike the previous version. In Figure 2, each point value corresponds to a specific risk factor, varying from 1 to 5. The sum of these scores is linked to an individual's risk of developing lower extremity DVT. Because all patients in this study were sICH patients, all Caprini RAM values were >5.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Caprini risk assessment model 2013.

Data collection

All enrolled patients were analyzed with our hospital's electronic medical records. The general information includes sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, surgical intervention, smoking history, history of alcohol, pulmonary infection, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (PT). All patients received basic prophylaxis of thrombus (including elevating the affected limb, joint movement, promoting lower limb muscle contraction, and deep breathing, while quitting smoking and alcohol), and the number of patients who received mechanical prophylaxis with elastic stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression on admission was recorded. The time from sICH onset to the diagnosis of lower extremity DVT and the time from sICH onset to anticoagulation initiation was recorded. Whether any of the sICH patients with lower extremity DVT received anticoagulant therapy was decided by the clinicians according to the patient's condition, and the preference of the patients' proxy was not influenced by the researchers. Fasting venous blood D-D and FIB levels were collected within 48 h after admission. The D-D instrument used was a mini VIDAS automatic immunofluorescence analyzer (France Biomeriette), and the double-antibody sandwich immunofluorescence method was used for detection. The FIB instrument used was a Sysmex CS-5100 automatic coagulation instrument [Sysmex Medical Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.], and the detection method used was scattered light turbidimetry. In the emergency medical ward of our hospital, all patients were routinely screened by using color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) within 48 h of admission. The Caprini RAM is scored by two senior nurses within 48 h of admission using the Caprini scoring form. The investigators were trained to ensure the accuracy of the data.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (version 22.0). Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR). In univariate analysis, the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical variables between groups, and the Mann–Whitney test or independent t-test was employed to compare continuous variables between groups. The predictive value of Caprini score, D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels for DVT in patients with sICH was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Meanwhile, specificity, sensitivity, rate of missed diagnosis, and misdiagnosis rate were calculated at the maximum Youden index. All tests were two-tailed, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Comparison of clinical baseline data between the two groups

A total of 842 eligible patients with sICH were included in this study (Figure 1). The incidence of lower extremity DVT in this study was 26.72%. There was no significant difference in sex composition, age, hypertension, diabetes, surgical intervention, smoking history, history of alcohol, pulmonary infection, platelet count, APTT, and PT between the two groups (P > 0.05) (Table 1).

Table 1

Table 1. A comparison of general data between the DVT group and the control group.

A comparison of Caprini RAM between the DVT group and the control group

The Caprini RAM of the DVT group and the control group were compared. In total, 93.33% of patients had a score of ≥9 in the DVT group and 82.67% in the control group had a score of < 9. According to the ROC curve, when the critical value is 8.26, the Youden index reaches the highest level, and the corresponding sensitivity is 92%, and the specificity is 84% (Figure 3, Table 3). Therefore, when the Caprini RAM score is ≥5 and < 8.26, patients are at low risk of lower extremity DVT; when the Caprini RAM score is >8.26, patients are at high risk of lower extremity DVT.

Figure 3

Figure 3. A comparison of Caprini RAM between the control group and the DVT group.

A comparison of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels between the two groups

The Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels in the DVT group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2

Table 2. A comparison of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels between the two groups (x̄ ±s).

Predictive value of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels for lower extremity DVT

By plotting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, we obtained the diagnostic indicators corresponding to the Caprini RAM, the optimal diagnostic critical values of D-D and FIB, and the sensitivity, specificity, rate of missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis rate, and AUC (Area under curve). The sensitivity of the Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB combined to predict lower extremity DVT in sICH patients was 97.33%, specificity was 92%, missed diagnosis rate was 2.67%, misdiagnosis rate was 8.00%, and the AUC was 0.947 (P < 0.05) (Figure 4, Table 3).

Figure 4

Figure 4. Receiver operating characteristic curve of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels alone or in combination during hospitalization for predicting lower extremity DVT complications in patients with sICH.

Table 3

Table 3. Diagnostic effect of single predictor and combined predictor.

Anticoagulation status

Of the 842 patients with sICH, no patients received preventive anticoagulant therapy. The time from sICH to the diagnosis of lower extremity DVT was 10.5 (7.23–22) days, respectively. A total of 56.9% (128/225) of the sICH patients with VTE were administered anticoagulant therapy, including subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin of 4,000 units once daily, rivaroxaban tablets of 15 mg or 20 mg once daily, and warfarin adjusted according to an international normalized ratio between 2 and 3. Hemorrhage after anticoagulation occurred in 11 patients (8.6%), including 4 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding, 3 cases of hematuria, 2 cases of recurrent cerebral hemorrhage, and 2 cases of hemoptysis. One patient taking warfarin experienced severe gastrointestinal bleeding, and the other reported events were all non-severe.

Discussion

DVT is the most common complication of sICH. Treatment options for cerebral hemorrhage and DVT are contradictory. The treatment of sICH focuses on hemostasis to avoid further worsening of cerebral hemorrhage, while the prevention and treatment of DVT are mainly anticoagulation, which has the risk of bleeding. Therefore, in order to reduce the further worsening of sICH and prevent thrombosis in patients with sICH complicated by lower extremity DVT, it is inevitable for clinicians to formulate appropriate treatment strategies (15–18).

The Caprini RAM (19–21) is one of the most commonly used individualized VTE risk assessment scales. However, as a diagnostic tool for DVT alone, the Caprini RAM still has some shortcomings, and the diagnostic results are not accurate enough. The heterogeneity of the Caprini RAM limits its practicality (22). It has been reported that when the threshold CRS is 7–11, the risk of VTE in the patients increases significantly (23). In this study, based on the original Caprini RAM, patients with sICH who scored in the “highest risk” category (score ≥ 5) were further substratified. This substratification in the “highest risk” category showed the risk of developing lower extremity DVT events was significantly higher among patients with a Caprini score of >8.26, compared to those with a Caprini score of 5–8. According to the ROC curve, it was found that when the cut-off value was 8.26, the Youden index reached the highest level, and its corresponding sensitivity was 92% and specificity was 84%. Therefore, we suggest that Caprini RAM can be used as one of the predictors of DVT in patients with sICH. When the score is ≥9, the patients are at high risk; when the score is < 9, the patients are at low risk of developing lower extremity DVT. Since this study is a single-center retrospective study, further large sample and prospective studies are needed.

D-D originates from fibrinolytic cross-linked fibrin degradation induced by plasminase. As a soluble fibrin degradation product, D-D is an important biomarker for secondary fibrinolysis and coagulation activation and has important reference value for eliminating venous thromboembolism (VTE), thus evaluating VTE recurrence and determining the optimal duration of anticoagulation therapy (24–26). However, its prediction of whether a patient will develop DVT in the future is uncertain. Studies Chopard et al. (27) have shown that D-D has a negative predictive value of 92% in the normal range, thus D-D alone cannot be used to eliminate lower extremity DVT. This study showed that the D-D level in the DVT group was significantly higher than that in the control group, with a sensitivity of 89.33% and a specificity of 68.00%, and the AUC was 0.817 (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the increase of D-dimer level can predict the formation of DVT in patients with sICH.

FIB is the highest concentration of coagulation factor in plasma, also known as coagulation factor I. The increase of FIB level in blood can promote coagulation dysfunction, shorten coagulation time, increase the risk of thrombosis, and promote the occurrence of lower extremity DVT (28–30). This study showed that the level of FIB in the DVT group was higher than that in the control group. Its sensitivity was 68.00%, specificity was 74.67%, and the AUC was 0.702. The results indicated that the increase in fibrinogen level was important in predicting DVT in patients with sICH. However, FIB could be increased under the conditions of tumor, chronic inflammation, diabetes, stress reaction, etc. FIB has the disadvantages of poor specificity and a high false positive rate in the diagnosis of lower extremity DVT when applied alone (31, 32).

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to combine Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels to predict lower extremity DVT in patients with sICH. The results suggest that the combined application of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels in predicting the occurrence of lower extremity DVT in patients with sICH has a high sensitivity of 97.33%, a specificity of 92.00%, a low rate of missed diagnosis of 2.67%, misdiagnosis of 8.00%, and an AUC of 0.947. Wang et al. (33) plotted the ROC curve of white blood cells as predictors of lower extremity DVT, with an AUC of 0.722 (sensitivity of 87.10% and specificity of 61.29%). Chen et al. (8) plotted the ROC curve of the combination of D-D and albumin as predictors of lower extremity DVT, with an AUC of 0.759. The combination of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels is of great significance for predicting the occurrence of lower extremity DVT in patients with sICH, and the combined application of the three can improve the prediction efficiency.

This trial has several limitations. The first limitation is that this is a retrospective study. In this study, patient information was collected through electronic medical records and nursing records. A limitation of retrospective investigation studies is the risk of recall bias. This can impact the credibility and accuracy of the study's results. The second limitation is only patients with sICH in one hospital were selected, and the results of this study may be biased due to the small sample size. The third limitation is after the patient's color ultrasound is negative at the first admission, the second ultrasound will be performed when the patient has DVT symptoms, and the second color ultrasound will not be performed for patients with no symptoms, which will cause certain missed diagnoses. Therefore, this bias is unavoidable, and its impact on the results of the study is uncertain.

Conclusion

The combined application of Caprini RAM, D-D, and FIB levels has important clinical value in predicting lower extremity DVT in patients with sICH.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

XF: Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YS: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. MW: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. LD: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. LS: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft. FZ: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – original draft. CC: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. YY: Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of the staff from the Emergency Department of Shanghai General Hospital.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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