Indentification of novel MSTO1 compound heterozygous mutations in a Chinese family with recessive cerebellar atrophy and ataxia

Misato mitochondrial distribution and morphology regulator 1 (MSTO1) is a nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic protein involved in mitochondrial fusion and distribution. Its disruption causes an extremely rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by early-onset myopathy and cerebellar ataxia. The genotype-phenotype correlation in the MSTO1 gene is rarely studied before 2017, and only 25 mutations have been described in the patients. Here, we reported two siblings with progressive cerebellar atrophy and ataxia in a Chinese family. Two compound heterozygous mutations in the MSTO1 gene, a novel missense mutation c.571C>T (p.Arg191Trp), and a reported frameshift mutation c.1259delG (p.Gly420ValfsTer2) were identified in the patients by whole exome sequencing. in vitro experiments found both of the mutations lead to reduced protein abundance and link to decreased mtDNA content. Except for ataxia and delayed motor, both of the siblings also have low birth weights, learning difficulties, and dysarthria. Our report enriched the genotype and phenotype spectrums of the MSTO1-related disorder and supported the recessive inheritance of the disease.

Introduction

MSTO1 is a gene located on chromosome 1q22 [OMIM ^*617619] and encodes the misato mitochondrial distribution and morphology regulator 1 (MSTO1), which contains a region homologous to the Tubulin/FtsZ GTPase superfamily (1). The specific function of MSTO1 remains unclear. Null mutations of the misato in Drosophila are associated with irregular chromosomal segregation at cell division (2–4). The knockdown of MSTO1 by siRNA in HeLa cells resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and cell death, while overexpression of EGFP-MSTO1 was shown to induce the formation of perinuclear aggregations of mitochondria in COS-7 cells, indicating the critical role of MSTO1 played in mitochondrial distribution and morphology (1).

Mutations in the MSTO1 gene are associated with a rare disease condition characterized by early-onset myopathy and cerebellar ataxia. To date, only 12 studies (including the current study) have reported 24 families with MSTO1 mutations. The patients share common clinical symptoms, such as muscle weakness, hypotonia, and ataxia. Rare features including pigmentary retinopathy, arthrogryposis, and scoliosis had also been reported (Table 1) (5–15). Here, we examined a recessively inherited family with two siblings suffering from cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. Two compound heterozygous variants of MSTO1 (NM_018116.3), c.1259delG (p.G420Vfs^*2), and c.571C>T (p.R191W) were identified by whole exome sequencing. The c.1259delG variant has been reported in two cases (9, 11), while the c.571C>T variant is described for the first time. According to the 2015 ACMG/AMP classification guidelines (16), the MSTO1 c.1259delG and c.571C>T variants were classified as “pathogenic” and “likely pathogenic,” respectively. Reduced protein abundance and decreased mtDNA content were observed in both of the variants by in vitro experiments. The detailed clinical features of patients with MSTO1 mutations were reviewed and the genotype–phenotype correlations were discussed. Our study expands the variant diversity of MSTO1 and supports the recessive inheritance of MSTO1-related disease.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Main clinical and genetic features of the patients with MSTO1 mutations.

Patient data

The patients in this study were collected from Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Nancha, China. Informed consent was obtained from the patient's guardians. A detailed medical history was collected and clinical examinations were performed as part of the standard diagnostic evaluation. The proband (II:1, P1) is the daughter of an unaffected couple. Her younger brother (II:2, P2) was also found to have signs of ataxia. Their parents (I:1, F and I:2, M) declare non-consanguineous and deny family history (Figure 1A).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Pedigree and brain MRI of the proband. (A) Pedigree of the family with identified MSTO1 variants. Open symbols, unaffected; filled symbols, affected; squares, male; circles, female; arrow, the proband; F, father; M, mother; P1, patient 1; P2, patient 2. (B,C) Brain MRIs of the proband (II:1, P1) showed atrophy of the cerebellum and brain stem, predominantly at the cerebellum. (D,E) Brain MRIs of the younger brother of the proband (II:2, P2) showed predominant cerebellar atrophy.

Methods

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in the studies were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Board of Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China.

Whole exome sequencing and analyses

A recessive inheritance pattern was suggested on the basis of unaffected parents giving birth to affected children in the family. To determine the causative mutation in the family, the two affected siblings and their parents were subjected to conduct whole exome sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood lymphocytes using the QIAamp DNA blood mini kit (Qiangen, Germany). The procedures of whole exome sequencing and analysis were performed as previously described (17). The candidate variants of MSTO1 (NM_018116.3) identified from whole exome sequencing were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Variants interpretation

The pathogenicity of candidate variants was interpreted following the 2015 ACMG/AMP classification guidelines (16). Three software programs were used for in silico prediction: MutationTaster (http://www.mutationtaster.org/), PolyPhen-2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/index.shtml), and PROVEAN (http://provean.jcvi.org/seq_submit.php). Only the following outputs were considered as deleterious variants: MutationTaster (disease causing), PolyPhen-2 (probably or possibly damaging), and PROVEAN (deleterious).

Western blotting and protein abundance detection

The plasmid expressing the wildtype MSTO1 (WT) was constructed by cloning the coding sequence (NM_018116.3) with a HA tag labeled at the C-terminal to the pcDNA3.1(+) vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The plasmids expressing the c.571C>T and the c.1259delG mutants were constructed, respectively, based on the WT plasmid using Mut Express II Fast Mutagenesis Kit V2 (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). One microgram of each plasmid was transfected to 5 × 10⁵ HEK293T cells (CBP60439, Cobioer, Nanjing, China) in 150 mm plates by Lipofectamine 3000 (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA). After 48 h of transfection, the cells were harvested by trypsin digestion, washed with 1 × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and lysed with SDS buffer containing protease inhibitors. Twenty microgram of total cell lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto PVDF membranes, probed with 1:5000 anti-HA (3724, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) and 1:5000 anti-GAPDH (10494-1-AP, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA). Blots were visualized by incubating with Clarity ECL substrate (1705061, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and imaging on an Amersham Imager AI600. The gray value of each blot measured by ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA) was used to represent the protein abundance. The relative protein abundance of each genotype was normalized by GAPDH and presented as mean ± SD from at least three independent biological replicates. Unpaired 2-tailed Student's t-tests were used to determine statistical significance.

MtDNA copy number analysis

The plasmids expressing the wildtype, c.571C>T and c.1259delG mutants of MSTO1 were transfected to HEK293T cells, respectively, as described above. The total genomic DNA of the harvested cells was extracted using the QIAamp DNA blood mini kit (Qiangen, Germany). Relative mtDNA copy number was analyzed using the 7500 real-time quantitative PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA) and SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (K0241, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Nuclear-encoded housekeeping gene 18S was measured for internal control. The primer sequences specific to mtDNA and 18S were used as described previously (18). At least three independent biological experiments were replicated and statistical significance was determined by unpaired 2-tailed Student's t-tests.

Results

Clinical data

The clinical features of the two patients are summarized together with previously described patients in Table 1. Patient 1 (II:1) is a 13-year-old girl born after natural birth with a weight of 2.3 kg at 34 weeks. The early onset of symptoms was walking instability with muscle weakness at 2 years old. Furthermore, the patient gradually showed poor motor ability, psycho-motor delay, and low learning ability. Physical examinations revealed normal stature (155 cm) and weight (49 kg) but visual impairment. Muscular atrophy was not obvious. Moderate truncal and lower limb ataxia were present. Serum CK was significantly elevated (1,485 U/L). Blood biochemical examinations revealed the following abnormalities: ALT 55 U/L (< 40), AST 68 U/L (< 40), and LDH 434 U/L (< 245). The brain MRI detected cerebellum hypoplasia, asymmetrical brain ventricles, and small cerebellum tonsils (Figures 1B,C). Electromyography (EMG) examination is considered generalized myopathic damage. No special treatment was given.

Patient 2 (II:2) was the 11 years old younger brother of patient 1. He was born after natural birth with a birth weight of 2.2 kg at 35 weeks. The early onset of walking instability and muscle weakness was also observed at 1 year old. He gradually showed poor fine coordination, slurred speech, and learning difficulties. The physical examination found that his stature was 135 cm and his weight was 34 kg. His visual acuity was within the normal range. Although moderate truncal and lower limb ataxia were also found, his motor ability was better than his affected older sister. Muscular atrophy was observed in the upper limbs (the parents rejected muscle biopsy). Electromyography (EMG) examination revealed myopathic damage. The serum CK was significantly elevated (2,194 U/L). The brain MRI showed a small cerebellum volume, a widening of the cerebellar sulcus, and an expanded cisterna magna (Figures 1D,E).

Mutation analysis

Whole-exome sequencing analyses of the two patients and their parents were performed to find the genetic cause. Two variants (c.571C>T and c.1259delG) in the MSTO1 gene (NM_018116.3) and one variant (c.1068dupT) in the B3GALNT2 gene (NM_152490.2) detected in both of the affected siblings were related to cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. The variant in the B3GALNT2 gene, also presented in the patient's father, was filtered out because of inconsistency with the phenotypes and inheritance pattern of the family. The c.571C>T (p.Arg191Trp) and c.1259delG (p.Gly420ValfsTer2) variants, inherited from their mother and father, respectively, were considered to contribute to the disease. The variants were verified by the Sanger sequencing in the family members (Figure 2A).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Sequence results of the MSTO1 variants and analysis of the variants in domains of MSTO1. (A) Sequence chromatograms of the c.571C>T and c.1259delG variants of MSTO1 detected in the family members. (B) The domains of the identified MSTO1 variants located. The amino acid change (p.R191W) of the c.571C>T variant is located in the Tubulin domain of the MSTO1 protein. The frameshift variant c.1259delG (p.Gly420ValfsTer2) affected the C-terminal of the protein. (C) The affected amino acid R191 of the c.571C>T variant, indicated by a red arrow, is highly conserved in different species.

The frameshift variant c.1259delG (p.Gly420ValfsTer2) would generate a premature stop codon located in the 11th of 14 exons of MSTO1 and encode a truncated protein that may lead to dysfunction of mitochondria. This variant was not observed in the gnomAD (http://gnomad-sg.org/), Exome Sequencing Project (https://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/), and 1000 Genomes (https://www.internationalgenome.org/) databases, and had been found in four patients with MSTO1 related myopathy and ataxia (9, 11). The pathogenicity classification of variants by the 2015 ACMG guidelines indicated that the c.1259delG variant, meeting the criteria PVS1+PS4+PM2, is pathogenic (16).

The other variant c.571C>T (p.Arg191Trp), with the record of rs777651549 in the database of single nucleotide polymorphism (dbSNP, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/), was the first time reported in patients with cerebellar ataxia. This variant was not found in the Exome Sequencing Project and 1000 Genomes databases. The allele T had a frequency of 0.00025 (44/174,030) but the absence of homozygotes according to the gnomAD database. The affected amino acid of the c.571C>T variant is located in the Tubulin domain of the MSTO1 protein and is highly conserved in different species (Figures 2B,C). Three online prediction software were used to evaluate the c.571C>T variant and showed consistent results. MutationTaster, PolyPhen-2, and PROVEAN indicated that this variant was “disease causing,” “possibly damaging,” and “deleterious,” respectively. The variant met the criteria PM2+PM3+PP3+PP4 and was classified as “likely pathogenic” (16). We have already submitted the data to ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/). The ClinVar accession for the submission is SCV001190367.

The effect of the MSTO1 c.571C>T and c.1259delG variants on protein abundance and mtDNA copy number was evaluated in vitro. Plasmids expressing the HA labeled wildtype, c.571C>T, and c.1259delG mutant proteins of MSTO1 were transfected to HEK293T cells, respectively. Western blotting using an anti-HA antibody showed a weakened blot of the c.571C>T mutant and an absent blot of the c.1259delG mutant (Figure 3A). The gray value of each blot measured by the ImageJ software was used to represent the protein abundance. The abundance of the c.571C>T mutant normalized by GAPDH was significantly reduced compared with the wildtype MSTO1 (P = 0.047) (Figure 3B). The mtDNA copy number was also detected in those cells. The cells expressing the c.571C>T mutant were found decreased mtDNA copy number compared with the wildtype (P = 0.045) (Figure 3C).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. The pathogenic variants in MSTO1 lead to reduced protein abundance and link to decreased mtDNA copy number. (A) Western blot analysis of total cell lysates from HEK293T cells overexpressing the HA-labeled wildtype, c.571C>T and c.1259delG mutants of MSTO1 proteins. (B) Protein abundance analysis of the wildtype, c.571C>T and c.1259delG mutants of MSTO1 proteins normalized to GAPDH. (C) Relative mtDNA copy number normalized to the nuclear-encoded 18S gene. Data represent at least three independent biological replicates. Significance was determined by Student's t test. *P < 0.05.

Discussion

MSTO1-related ataxia is an extremely rare disease condition among populations. In this study, we presented two patients with novel MSTO1 compound heterozygous mutations in a Chinese family with cerebellar ataxia. Their phenotypic spectrum overlapped with previously reported patients including cerebellar atrophy, ataxia, myopathy, and learning difficulties. In addition, low birth weights were observed in both patients in our study. Prenatal growth and development conditions of the fetus with MSTO1 mutations were described by few reports. A Hungarian female patient with the MSTO1 c.22G>A heterozygous mutation was born as an immature and small baby from an overdue pregnancy (5). Small head circumference at birth was also found in two patients with MSTO1 mutations (7). These findings indicated that the growth and development delay of patients with MSTO1 mutations may occur before birth.

MSTO1 is a 570-amino acid cytoplasmic GTPase, containing a Misato segment II tubulin-like domain (6–118 aa) and a tubulin domain (157–346 aa) (13), plays an important role in mitochondrial fusion (5, 6). The novel mutation (p.Arg191Trp) found in our patients lies in the tubulin domain of the MSTO1 protein. Eleven of the 18 reported pathogenic missense mutations (including this case) lie in the tubulin domain (Table 1), suggesting its critical role in pathogenesis. Studies on the fibroblasts of patients with Asp236His/Arg279His, Asp236His/Phe217Leu, and Arg256Gln/Gly420ValfsTer2 mutations revealed that the mutant MSTO1 proteins were undetectable, suggesting mutations in the tubulin domain of MSTO1 affect protein stability (9). In our study, the MSTO1 content of the patients was not tested because the family members did not agree to take a skin biopsy. Our in vitro experiments found a significantly reduced protein abundance of the Arg191Trp mutant (Figures 3A,B). It is the first time to reveal a missense mutation on the tubulin domain of MSTO1 has a negative effect on the protein abundance in vitro. Our findings supported the important roles of amino acids in the tubulin domain played in the stability of MSTO1.

The mtDNA encodes 13 proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery that are essential for ATP production (19). MtDNA depletion could be a serious consequence caused by disorders of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Fragmented mitochondria and decreased mtDNA content were observed in patients with MSTO1 mutations, indicating the critical function of MSTO1 in maintaining mitochondrial fusion (9). Our in vitro experiments found decreased mtDNA copy number in the cells expressing the Arg191Trp mutant (Figure 3C), demonstrating the mutant impaired the normal function of MSTO1. This impairment could be attributed to reducing the protein abundance and disrupting mitochondrial fusion.

The majority of mutations of MSTO1 were identified in autosomal recessive inherited families except for the c.22G>A (p.Val8Met) variant causing a dominant inheritance (Table 1). The phenotypic features of patients in dominant and recessive modes were different. Most patients with biallelic MSTO1 mutations have early symptom onset ages (within 1 or 2 years), elevated plasma CK levels, and atrophied cerebellum. While late onset ages (15–53 years old), normal CK levels and absence of cerebellar atrophy were observed in patients carrying the dominant variant (Table 1). Despite the phenotypic discrepancy that occurs, similar molecular and cellular biological changes, such as decreased protein levels and fragmented mitochondria were discovered in both dominant and recessive patients (5, 6, 9). The mode of inheritance may depend on the location of the variant or the difference in the genetic condition. The variants reported in our case supported the recessive inheritance mode.

In conclusion, we identified novel compound heterozygous mutations in a Chinese family with two siblings suffering from cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. Our study broadens the mutation spectrum of the MSTO1 gene and supports the recessive inheritance pattern of the disease.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The name of the repository and accession number can be found below: Figshare, https://figshare.com/, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20362797.v1.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by medical ethics review board of Jiangxi maternal and child health hospital. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

QW, YZo, and JC designed the study. JC and JX drafted the manuscript. GC, QX, and XW performed the DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing experiments. LT, ZH, CX, YZh, and ZG collected the clinical information. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 82160317), the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province (No.20192BBGL70006), and the Application and Cultivation Program of Jiangxi Province (No.20212BAG70007).

Acknowledgments

We thank the family members involved in this study.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

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