AUTHOR=Huo Ran , Wang Jie , Sun Ying-Fan , Weng Jian-Cong , Li Hao , Jiao Yu-Ming , Xu Hong-Yuan , Zhang Jun-Ze , Zhao Shao-Zhi , He Qi-Heng , Wang Shuo , Zhao Ji-Zong , Cao Yong 

TITLE=Simplex cerebral cavernous malformations with MAP3K3 mutation have distinct clinical characteristics

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.946324

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2022.946324

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To investigate the clinical characteristics of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) with <italic>MAP3K3</italic> somatic mutation.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We performed a retrospective review of our CCMs database between May 2017 and December 2019. The patients with simplex CCMs identified to harbor a <italic>MAP3K3</italic> or CCM gene somatic mutation were included. Clinical characteristics were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were used to assess the risk factors associated with hemorrhage events of CCMs. To explore the underlying mechanism, we transfected MEKK3-I441M-overexpressing and <italic>CCM2</italic>-knockdown lentiviruses into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigated thrombomodulin (TM) and tight junctions (TJs) protein expression by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Finally, immunohistochemistry was used to validate TM and TJs protein expression in surgical samples.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Fifty simplex CCMs patients were included, comprising 38 <italic>MAP3K3</italic> mutations and 12 CCM gene mutations. Nine (23.7%) patients with <italic>MAP3K3</italic> mutations and 11(91.7%) patients with CCM gene mutations exhibited overt hemorrhage, respectively. Multivariate logistic analyses revealed that <italic>MAP3K3</italic> mutation was associated with a lower risk of hemorrhage events. In the <italic>vitro</italic> experiments, ZO-1 expression was not reduced in MEKK3-I441M-overexpressing HUVECs compared with wild type, whereas it was significantly decreased in <italic>CCM2</italic>-knockdown HUVECs compared with control. In the MEKK3-I441M-overexpressing HUVECs, TM expression was increased, and the NF-κB pathway was significantly activated. After treatment with an NF-κB signaling inhibitor, TM expression was further upregulated. Meanwhile, TM expression was increased, but the NF-κB pathway was not activated in <italic>CCM2-</italic>knockdown HUVECs. Accordingly, immunohistochemistry showed that ZO-1 expression in the <italic>MAP3K3-</italic>mutant samples was significantly higher than that in the CCM-mutant samples. TM expression in the <italic>MAP3K3</italic>-mutant lesions was significantly lower than that in the CCM-mutant samples.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Simplex CCMs with <italic>MAP3K3</italic> mutation occasionally present with overt hemorrhage, which is associated with the biological function of <italic>MAP3K3</italic> mutation.</p></sec>