Low Serum Magnesium Levels Are Associated With Hemorrhagic Transformation After Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective: In patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels and HT after MT.

Methods: We collected 199 cases of consecutive AIS that received MT due to acute anterior circulation occlusions in our institution between January 2017 and January 2020. Baseline serum magnesium was obtained from all patients on admission before MT. The patients were divided into two groups based on the occurrence of HT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate whether magnesium was an independent predictor of HT. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were determined.

Results: Of the 199 enrolled patients, 40 (20.1%) presented with HT, and 12 (6%) developed symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). Patients with HT had lower serum magnesium levels compared to those without HT (0.76 [0.69–0.80] vs. 0.84 [0.80–0.90], p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic analysis showed that the serum magnesium level (odds ratio, [OR]: 0.000, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.000–0.001, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with the occurrence of HT. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the serum magnesium level could predict HT with an AUC of.820 (95% CI: 0.750–0.891 p < 0.001). Serum magnesium ≤0.80 mmol/L could predict HT with a sensitivity of 79.2% and a specificity of 70.0%. Of interest, the serum magnesium level was not associated with HT when the baseline of serum magnesium was higher than the cut-off value (0.80 mmol/L) in the subgroup analysis.

Conclusions: Lower baseline serum magnesium levels (<0.80 mmol/L) on admission are associated with increased risk of HT in AIS patients receiving MT.

Introduction

The treatment choice for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been improving, from early administration of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) or a combination of both (1). Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) frequently occurs after AIS. Whereas the symptomatic form of transformation has been reported as low as 0.6% to maximum up to 20% (2, 3), and it can contribute to higher mortality and morbidity rates after a stroke (4, 5). Thus, the identification of the risk factors for HT is of utmost importance for patients receiving MT.

Preclinical models of stroke have shown Magnesium (Mg) as a neuroprotective agent (6). It can maintain the integrity of microvascular endothelial barriers via anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory regulations (7). Mg is also involved in the coagulation cascade and platelet activation (8–10), and its deficiency can dysregulate the coagulation system. The relationships between serum Mg (sMg) and functional outcome endpoints in patients with AIS have been extensively studied. However, the Field administration of stroke therapy-Mg (FAST-MAG) and intravenous Mg efficacy in stroke (IMAGE) trials did not show improved outcomes with early intravenous Mg sulfate (11, 12). However, other emerging studies suggest its role in hemorrhagic transformation (13, 14). A study done by Cheng et al. shows that low sMg levels are related to hemorrhagic transformation following thrombolysis in AIS (14), but there is no study revealing its association with patients undergoing mechanical embolectomy. The present research aimed to investigate if a low sMg level at admission could predict HT among patients with AIS who received MT.

Methods

Patients

Data from patients with AIS who received MT due to acute anterior circulation occlusions in our institution from January 2017 to January 2020 were acquired and subjected to further analysis.

The inclusion criteria were listed as follows: (i) diagnosed AIS and admitted within 6 h after an ictus; (ii) occlusion of the internal carotid artery or the M1/M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery confirmed by CT angiography and/or digital subtraction angiography; (iii) patients who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy; (vi) aged ≥18.

The following exclusion criteria were listed as follows: (i) posterior circulation occlusion; (ii) patients with prior systemic diseases, including severe liver and kidney dysfunction, severe hematological diseases, and malignant tumors; (iii) lack of data of sMg levels on admission or subsequent cranial CT scans. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Ethics Committees of Shanghai Tenth people's hospital.

Endovascular Procedure

Patients received MT in compliance with the recommendations of the American Stroke Association/American Heart Association (15). MT was conducted alone or combined with intravenous thrombolysis, at <6 h following the first symptom onset. A solitaire stent retriever in combination with the intracranial support aspiration catheter was used for the MT SolitaireFR with intracranial support catheter for mechanical thrombectomy (SWIM) approach. The detailed methods for SWIM were reported previously (16). For anesthesia, we preferred conscious sedation, with general anesthesia reserved only when necessary. For tandem occlusion stroke, intracranial occlusion was treated first whenever possible. For underlying stenosis or dissection, rescue stenting and/or balloon angioplasty was performed at the treating physician's discretion.

Data Acquisition

Clinical and baseline information was acquired from the patients, including age, gender, vascular risk factors (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, current smoking, history of stroke), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, application of intravenous thrombolysis, procedure duration, number of passes of retriever, thrombus location, onset-to-treatment time, stroke etiology, recanalization status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at admission, and lab findings at admission (Blood glucose level, sMg level, platelet count, the international normalized ratio [INR], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], and prothrombin time [PT]). Stroke etiology was established according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke (TOAST) criteria (17). The recanalization status was evaluated based on the Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) score, and the recanalization was considered to be successful when the TICI score was 2b or 3 (18). The blood sample was withdrawn from each patient on admission before mechanical thrombectomy. All specimens were analyzed within 1 h following venipuncture. Laboratory parameters, such as sMg, were assessed at the local laboratories. Routine CT scanning was performed at 24–36 h after MT, and then on a case-by-case basis in case of neurological deterioration to detect HT.

Assessment of Hemorrhagic Transformation

Computed tomography (CT) images were independently reviewed in a randomized order by two experienced interventional neuroradiologists blinded to clinical conditions. Afterward, consensus readings were conducted to obtain a reference standard for statistical analysis. The outcome measures were the occurrence of HT within 48 h after MT. Based on the classification described in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS), the hemorrhagic transformation was categorized into parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) and hemorrhagic infarction (HI) (19). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) was diagnosed based on the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification (20). HT associated with the procedure itself, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, arterial dissection, or secondary to vessel perforation, was ruled out in our analysis.

Statistical Analyses

The program SPSS v26.0 (SPSS v26.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to perform the statistical tests. A categorical variable was presented as a number (frequency), while a continuous variable was expressed as a median (interquartile range [IQR]). In the univariate analysis, a categorical variable was compared by the χ² test or Fisher's exact test, whereas the continuous variable was compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. All significant variables (p < 0.10) in the univariate analysis were chosen for multivariate regression analysis. The association between sMg level and HT was examined with the multivariate logistic regression model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the overall discrimination ability of sMg level for predicting HT. The optimum cut-off value was established using the Youden index. A two-tailed value of p < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results

In total, 220 patients with AIS who underwent MT due to anterior circulation occlusions were screened for eligibility. Two patients were excluded due to the absence of follow-up imaging; 17 patients were excluded owing to incomplete laboratory data; additional two patients were excluded due to procedure-related hemorrhage (secondary to vessel perforation). Finally, 199 patients with AIS were ultimately included, with a median age of 69 years (IQR: 64–79). Of them, 107 (53.8%) patients were female. The median NIHSS score at admission was 13 with IQR between 10 and 15. In addition, 176 (88.4%) patients had successful recanalization (TICI ≥2b). The median sMg level was 0.82 mmol/L with an IQR between 0.78–0.89. Table 1 shows the baseline and clinical information.

Among the 199 patients, 40 (20.1%) manifested with HT, including HI (n = 17) and PH (n = 23). Of these 40 patients, 12 (30%) developed sICH. These patients were divided into two groups depending on the occurrence of HT. Univariate analysis showed that patients with HT had lower serum Mg levels on admission compared to those without HT (0.76 [0.69–0.80] vs.0.84 [0.80–0.90], p < 0.001). Patients with HT also exhibited a higher risk of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.012), a higher INR (p = 0.026), and PT (p = 0.003) on admission compared to non-HT patients (Table 1). The multivariate regression data indicated that sMg level (odds ratio, [OR]: 0.000, 95% CI: 0.000–0.001, p < 0.001) and PT (OR: 2.251, 95% CI: 1.075–4.715, p = 0.031) on admission were remarkably associated with the occurrence of HT (Table 2).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Univariate analysis for predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after mechanical thrombectomy.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Multivariate analysis for predictors of hemorrhagic transformation after mechanical thrombectomy.

The ROC curves demonstrated that the sMg level could estimate HT risk with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.820 (95% CI: 0.750–0.891 p < 0.001, Figure 1). The optimum cut-off value for Mg to HT was 0.80 mmol/L. It was found that HT could be predicted by sMg ≤ 0.80 mmol/L, with the sensitivity and specificity of 79.2 and 70.0%, respectively.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. The ROC curves demonstrated that the sMg level could estimate HT risk with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.820 Q21 (95% CI: 0.750–0.891 p < 0.001).

After stratification of patients according to the cut-off value, the sMg levels (<0.80 mmol/L) were associated with HT risk (OR: 0.000, 95% CI: 0.000–0.520, p = 0.036). However, no obvious relationship was found between the sMg levels (>0.80 mmol/L) and HT risk (OR: 0.000, 95% CI: 0.000–1.617, p = 0.056; Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Stratified logistic regression analysis to identify relationships between serum magnesium levels and risk of hemorrhagic transformation after mechanical thrombectomy.

Among the 40 patients with HT, 17 presented with HI, and 23 presented with PH; 12 were sICH, and 28 were asymptomatic ICH. There was no difference in sMg level between PH and HI (0.75 [0.69–0.80] vs. 0.77 [0.70–0.80], p = 0.533), sICH and asymptomatic ICH (0.73 [0.67–0.79] vs. 0.76 [0.73–0.80], p = 0.328).

Discussion

In this retrospective study, the relationship between sMg levels and the risk of HT in patients with AIS following MT was evaluated. Our study observed that patients with HT had lower sMg levels than non-HT patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that a low sMg level could be a significant risk factor for HT. The ROC curves showed that a serum Mg level ≤ 0.80 mmol/L could estimate HT risk with the sensitivity and specificity of 79.2 and 70.0%, respectively. However, the negative relationship between Mg and HT did not appear to hold when sMg levels were higher than the cut-off value (0.80 mmol/L). Consequently, a low serum Mg level at admission could predict HT in patients with AIS who had undergone MT.

Magnesium (Mg) is a very important micromineral in the diet with various roles in the human body. It is associated with platelet activation and coagulation cascade (8–10). Meanwhile, it is also an abundant endogenous neuroprotective agent closely associated with AIS (21). It can maintain the integrity of the microvascular endothelial barriers via anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory regulations (22). Mg deficiency can lead to deleterious effects on endothelium integrity. The activation of ischemia-induced BBB breakdown is mainly caused by endothelial damage (23). Previous research has demonstrated the clinical significance of Mg in AIS. One meta-analysis found that Mg intake level was inversely related to the risk of AIS (24). A decreased sMg level at admission could be a significant risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients with AIS (25). Tan et al. enrolled 1,212 patients with AIS and found that low sMg levels were remarkably associated with HT risk in patients with AIS (13). Similar to Tan's study, Cheng's study enrolled 242 patients with AIS following intravenous thrombolysis therapy, from which they found that low sMg levels demonstrated an increased risk of HT after intravenous thrombolysis (14). To our knowledge, our study is the first to report the association between Mg and HT in patients with AIS treated with MT.

The relationship between low serum Mg and HT after MT is still unclear. Mg is required to maintain human endothelial integrity. High Mg has been proved to inhibit glutamate release, block glutamate receptors, and improve mitochondrial calcium buffering and cellular energy metabolism, displaying a glioprotective and neuroprotective effect on penumbra in AIS (26–29). Conversely, low Mg will initiate an inflammatory cascade, disrupt the BBB integrity, and damage the vascular endothelium (7). The bleeding tendency would increase once the BBB loses its integrity. Collectively, our study hypothesizes that low Mg aggravates the disruption of a neurovascular unit, which is commonly accepted as a potential risk factor for HT. A low sMg level leads to coagulation dysfunction via its involvement through coagulation cascade and platelet activation, which may serve as an additive effect on compromised BBB (8–10). Mg can accelerate the initiation of factor X via the tissue factor-, factor VIIa- and factor IXa-mediated pathways and shorten the prothrombin time (9, 30). It also promotes platelet adhesion onto collagen, independent of platelet aggregation and release (10). In patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, the hemostatic properties of Mg have been found, as well as the negative association between sMg levels and hematoma volume (31, 32). Besides, arterial stiffness is identified as a significant risk factor for HT in AIS (33). Mg is closely related to arterial stiffness. A recent study shows that arterial stiffness can be alleviated by prolonged supplementation with Mg in particular patients (34).

Our study also found that when the sMg concentration is higher than 0.80 mmol/L, the effect of Mg on HT after MT is no more active, which indicates the specific threshold of Mg to reduce the risk of HT. Mg can maintain the integrity of the endothelium at physiological levels, but excessive Mg improves the integrity (35). As a result, Mg may offer better BBB protection in a particular concentration range. In addition, this study also found that a high Mg level may inversely decrease platelet activities and increase bleeding time (9, 36). Our results are in good agreement with these findings, which suggest that the risk of HT may not alleviate after the sMg level exceeds a specific threshold (0.80 mmol/L in our research). But we did not find a significant difference in sMg levels among HI, PH, sICH, and asymptomatic ICH. We speculate that the negative results were due to our small sample size. Additional studies are warranted to confirm the actual relationships between sMg and type of HT.

Our findings imply that sMg can predict a person's vulnerability to HT after MT and identify those at high risk. Supplementation with Mg can decrease the risk of HT in patients receiving MT, at least to a certain extent. On the contrary, the FAST-MAG and IMAGES trials indicated that MgSO4 therapy might not improve prognosis in patients with AIS (11, 12). It is likely because it is difficult for Mg to transport across the BBB, thereby reducing its accumulation in the brain tissue. But the limitation of these studies is that the case enrollment includes both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. None of the patients with ischemic stroke had undergone MT, and all patients were randomly given intravenous Mg supplementation without considering their baseline sMg concentrations. Thus, further research is warranted to examine the effect of Mg supplementation on the prognosis of patients with AIS with low sMg levels in the era of MT.

There are a few limitations that need to be addressed. First, this study was a retrospective study conducted at a single center. As a result, the conclusion may be biased and not appliable to the whole population. Second, we only measured the total Mg instead of Mg ions that exhibit a direct physiological role. The association between sMg and type of HT remains unclear. Third, the data is not complete, clinical information such as infarct regions, the history of anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs, were missing in the current study. Fourth, we did not collect data on the extent of ischemic change, for example, the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) on admission and the infarct volume due to the incomplete clinical data and images. Hence, more studies are needed to verify the impacts of Mg on HT.

Conclusions

Our study reveals that a low baseline sMg level on admission is related to HT risk in patients with AIS receiving MT, especially at the cut-off value of 0.80 mmol/L. Therefore, sMg can be applied in the clinical setting to identify patients at high risk of HT.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

HD and JS were responsible for the study of design, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. HQ and RS were responsible for sample preparation, patients' care, and took part in data analysis. SP and LC took part in patient care, establishing laboratory techniques, and data interpretation. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. 22120180047.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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