AUTHOR=Dong Nan , Jordan Ashly E. , Shen Xiaozhu , Wu Xuan , Guo Xianghong , Zhao Hongru , Wang Yajuan , Wang Dapeng , Fang Qi 

TITLE=Rhino-Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis in a Patient With Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.815902

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2022.815902

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a rare, invasive, and fatal fungal disease. Due to the lack of specific clinical manifestations and adequate auxiliary examinations, patients are easily misdiagnosed in the early stage. Early diagnosis and timely therapy are essential for successful treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Case Report</title><p>We report a 68-year-old man with diabetic ketoacidosis, presented with orbital apex syndrome (OAS), fever, and pansinusitis, which progressively worsened to death only 4 days after admission. It was finally confirmed as a fungal <italic>Rhizopus arrhizus</italic> infection by metagenomics cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing (mNGS) testing.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Orbital apex syndrome could be the initial presentation for mucormycosis. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the presence of mucormycosis in patients with OAS, especially in diabetic or immunosuppressed hosts, and mNGS testing and timely antifungal therapy should be strongly recommended in highly suspected cases.</p></sec>