Hefei Tang1,2,3,4
Jiayao Sun5
Yu Wang1,2,3,4Xu Jie1,2,3,4Yan Ma6Anxin Wang1,2,3,4Yijun Zhang1,2,3,4Xingao Wang1,2,3,4Yongjun Wang1,2,3,4*- 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 2China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- 3Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- 4Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- 5Department of Neurology, Zhangjiakou First Hospital, Hebei, China
- 6Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Background and Purpose: QT dispersion (QTd) abnormalities are widely documented in stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the association between QTd and clinical outcomes in IS patients.
Methods: IS patients registered in the Blood Pressure and Clinical Outcome in transient ischemic attack (TIA) or IS (BOSS) registry between 2012 and 2014 within 24 h of onset were analyzed. In this prospective observational study, we identified 1,522 IS cases with adequate electrocardiographic evaluations to assess QTd after the index stroke. Patients were classified into four groups based on the quartile of QTd, with the lowest group as the reference. The primary stroke outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≥3 at 1-year. Multiple logistic regressions were utilized to investigate the association between QTd and outcome events.
Results: The mean QTd across all cases was 57 ms (40–83). Functional dependency or death was documented in 214 (14.98%) cases at 1 year. After adjusting for confounders, the prevalence of death and major disability (mRS ≥ 3) showed significant differences according to the quartile of QTd, with the risk of death and major disability (mRS ≥ 3) at 1 year being significantly higher for patients in Q4 than for those in Q1 (adjusted OR = 1.626, 95% CI:1.033–2.560). However, there were no significant correlation between QTd and the event outcomes at 1 year.
Conclusions: QTd was associated with poor functional outcomes at 1 year. QTd is a useful surrogate marker for adverse functional prognosis, which might help to stratify risk in patients with acute IS.
Introduction
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability (1). A huge variety of factors are known to influence patient outcome, including demographic variables, clinical variables, laboratory tests, or comorbidities (2). But predicting the final neurological outcomes is very difficult after the index stroke because most studies presenting contradictory results (3, 4).
Patients with acute stroke are still at risk for adverse clinical outcomes, as the treatment primarily focuses on neurological recovery and ignores the hierarchical management of cardiovascular complications (5). Furthermore, many stroke survivors are less likely to exercise enough to develop the significant symptoms of cardiac disease due to movement disorders or complete the traditional cardiac examination for risk stratification. Alternative approaches and novel thinking are therefore required in stroke survivors.
Lesions in the central nervous system often cause autonomic dysregulation (6). The major autonomic dysfunctions caused by ischemic stroke (IS) include a loss of heart rate variability and various ECG changes, particularly QT dispersion (QTd), which is an expression of cardiac repolarization abnormalities (7). Several studies have confirmed the association between acute cerebrovascular events and QTd (8–12). In patients admitted to hospital for acute cerebrovascular diseases, QTd may reflect neurologic injury as well as the underlying heart disease. Thus, it can be used as a marker of adverse clinical prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, many of these early studies either did not differentiate between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke or were single-center studies with small sample sizes, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Furthermore, the existing data regarding the effect of QTd on the long-term outcomes of these patients are contradictory. Therefore, we aimed to assessed whether abnormal QTd are associated with adverse prognosis of patients with acute IS in the BOSS (blood pressure and clinical outcome in transient ischemic attack [TIA] or IS) study.
Patients and Methods
Study Design and Population
This study was conducted among patients from the BOSS study (a nationwide, hospital-based, longitudinal cohort) consecutively enrolled from October 2012 to February 2014 at 61 hospitals in China. The design of the BOSS study has been described in detail elsewhere (13). The BOSS registry inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18 years or older; diagnosis of an acute IS or TIA; and recruited within 7 days of symptom onset. Baseline information about the following risk factors was collected: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current, or previous smoking, and moderate or heavy alcohol consumption (≥2 standardized alcohol drinks per day). In this study, those who had acute myocardial infarction (n = 10), atrial fibrillation (n = 73), bundle branch block (n = 77), atrioventricular block (n = 52), or a history of stroke (n = 618) were excluded. After exclusions, our final sample size included 1,841 participants. The protocol and data collection of the trial were approved by the ethics committee of Beijing Tiantan Hospital and all participating centers. All participants provided written informed consent.
Measurement of QTD
For each patient, standard 12-lead-ECGs (paper speed of 25 mm/s, standardization of 10 mm/1 mV) were recorded at admission and retrieved and analyzed manually with caliper by two independent, trained investigators blinded to the clinical data. The QT was measured in all leads from the onset of the QRS to the end of the T-wave. In the presence of U wave, QT was measured to the nadir of the curve between the T and U-waves (14). QTd was defined as the difference between the maximum and minmum QT intervals and was obtained using Bazett's formula (6). Using 50 randomly chosen ECGS assessed the inter-rater and intra-rater variability. Both readers were blinded to all previous measurements.
Clinical Outcome
The patients were followed up in person at 12 months. For patients with non-fatal events, we either called them back for a face-to-face follow-up or performed a home visit. The functional outcome status (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores ≥3) at 1 year after onset was the primary outcome of this study. Secondary efficacy outcomes included a new composite vascular event (ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death) and stroke recurrene. Stroke recurrence was defined as a new stroke event (ischemic or hemorrhagic) accompanied by evidence of a stroke on magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the brain.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables with skewed distributions are presented using medians (interquartile ranges [IQR]) and those with normal distribution are presented using the mean (standard deviation [SD]). Categorical variables are described using percentages (%). Student's t-test and the Kruskal–Wallis rank test were used to compare parametric and non-parametric continuous variables, respectively. The chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare qualitative data. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the independent predictors of QTd on functional outcome at 1 year. We assessed the associations between QTd and recurrent stroke and CVE using multivariable Cox regression models. The crude and multiple-adjusted odds ratios(OR) or adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated according to the quartile of QTd, using the lowest group as the reference. Variables with a p < 0.20 and the well-established predictors were selected as confounding variables into the multivariable analyses. The covariates included in the multivariable model were age, sex, habitual smoking, habitual drinking, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia), and initial stroke severity (NIHSS), body mass index, ECG-LVH, Heart failure, Coronary heart disease, qualifying event, and secondary medication (anti-platelet, anti-lipid, and anti-hypertension), ischemic stroke subtype. SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC), was used for all statistical analyses, and two-sided p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Sensitivity Analyses
Additionally, we performed additional multivariable logistic regression analyses in patients without history of cardiovascular disease to eliminate the potential impact of cardiovascular disease on QTd.
Results
Characteristics of Patients
Of 1,841 IS patients, 319 patients with inadequate electrocardiographic were excluded. Therefore, 1,522 participants were included in the final analysis (Figure 1). The excluded population was more likely to have a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes compared with the study population. Of the 1,522 included patients, 160 (10.51%) were TIA, the mean age was 61 ± 10 years, and 483 (31.73%) were female. The NIHSS score at presentation was 2 (1–4). The prevalence of major vascular risk factors was as follows: hypertension, 65.57%; diabetes, 20.30%; dyslipidemia, 8.21%; and habitual smoking, 44.09%. The mean QTd across all cases was 57 ms (40–83) (Table 1). Inter-rater reliability were ICC = 0.94 and intra-rater reliability were ICC = 0.95.
Figure 1. Flowchart of the study.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients included vs. excluded.
QTd and Clinical Outcomes
During the 1 year of follow-up, 93 (6.1%) patients were lost. Functional dependency or death was documented in 214 (14.98%) cases at 1 year (Table 2). A total of 95 (6.24%) patients with CVE and 80 (5.26%) patients with recurrence stroke were identified at 1 year.
Table 2. Primary and secondary outcomes according to QTd quartiles.
After adjusting for confounders, the prevalence of death and major disability (mRS ≥ 3) showed significant differences according to the quartile of QTd (Figure 2), with the risk of death and major disability (mRS ≥ 3) at 1 year being significantly higher for patients in Q4 than for those in Q1 (adjusted OR = 1.626, 95% CI:1.033–2.560) (Figure 3). However, there were no significant correlation between QTd and the event outcomes at 1 year.
Figure 2. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 1 year according to QTd quartile.
Figure 3. Multivariable logistic regression analyses between QTd and functional recovery. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.
Sensitivity Analyses
A sensitivity analysis of patients without cardiovascular disease was conducted, and the results showed that patients in Q4 still had higher risks for functional dependence or death compared with the Q1 group (Table 3).
Table 3. Sensitivity analyses of association of QTd with functional outcome (mRS ≥ 3) at 1 year.
Discussion
In this prospective cohort study, we found that an increase in QTd is associated, in a magnitude-dependent fashion, with an increase in poor functional outcomes at 12 months in IS or TIA patients which was independent of age, NIHSS, other co-morbidities, and other cardiovascular risk factors.
Cardiovascular complications and several ECG abnormalities unrelated to ischemic heart disease are extremely common following stroke and represent a major form of morbidity (15). Disturbances in the autonomic nervous system are thought to be responsible for these cardiac electrophysiological changes (16). QTd has been suggested to be useful as an indirect method of measuring cardiac repolarization abnormalities in the recent 20 years. However, there have been conflicting results on the prognostic value of QTd in patients with ischemic stroke.
Our results were consistent with those of most previous studies. A prospective study of 93 hemorrhagic stroke patients found that a higher QTmax had a positive relationship to bed confinement and Barthel index of 28 days (17). The same result was found in a observational case control study which showed prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) in acute IS patients 48 h after the index stroke correlated with admission NIHSS and discharge mRS scores (12). Meanwhile, Stead et al. found no relationship between prolonged QTc and discharge mRS (18). Furthermore, a prospective cohort study provided no evidence that QTd is related to high mortality and poor functional outcomes on hospital discharge among acute IS patients (19). The US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggested that a prolonged corrected QT interval can predict all-cause mortality in the general population (20). The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study showed that patients with prolonged QT have a higher risk of IS (21). In addition to supporting the findings of these previous studies, our results also suggest that QTd is a predictor of adverse functional outcome even up to 1 year later. Despite the differing results in the above studies, we believe that the present study strengthens the evidence for the relationship between QT interval and clinical outcomes in an IS/TIA population.
As we all known that the increase in QTd during the acute phase probably due to excessive circulating catecholamines secreted by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as massive catecholamine release from myocardial nerve endings (16). We speculated that QTd can aid in identifying subclinical cardiac disease, as well as reversible acute stress cardiomyopathy induced by cerebral injury, likely mediated by autonomic nervous dysfunction and increased circulating catecholamines. Some evidence from diabetic patients shows that an increase in the number of cardiac abnormalities increases the prolongation of QTd (22). One study found that acute cerebral lesions cause abnormally high levels of plasma catecholamines which can result in cardiac repolarization abnormalities and stress cardiomyopathy, but not myocardial infarction (23). Another study showed that the sympathetic nerve can directly release catecholamines at myocardial nerve endings and thereby induce cardiomyocyte toxicity (24). Cardiac dysfunction reflected in QTd may compromise perfusion to the brain sufficiently to damage the ischemic zone of the brain and poor prognosis may occur (25, 26).
The congenital long QT syndrome is an inheritable ion channelopathy that has traditionally been considered to be a purely electrical disease. However, using various imaging techniques, mechanical alterations have recently been reported: differences in mechanical and electrical timing; a reduction in both systolic and diastolic function (27); as well as a shorter left ventricular filling time and smaller stroke volume (28). Thus, we speculated that an abnormal QT interval is not just an electrical phenomenon, but also an electromechanical one that may be a potential pathomechanism for adverse events and may contribute to risk stratification of IS patients.
In this large, prospective cohort study, QTd (an established ECG marker of left ventricular abnormality) was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes regardless of confounding factors. Few studies that examine the prognostic value of QTd in a non-Western acute stroke population have been performed. However, this study also has some limitations. First, we were unable to collect pre-stroke ECGs, which would have allowed us to exclude the possibility that the abnormal QTd values were caused by preexisting heart disease, or Serial QTd measurements, which would have evaluated exactly the correlation between stroke outcomes and QTd. To mitigate this, we performed a sensitivity analyses. It showed that subgroups without history of cardiovascular disease also exhibited a significant correlation between QTd and study outcomes. Therefore, acute cerebrovascular disease itself may be the main cause of the increased QTd of our patients. Second, There may be a selection bias because the cohort we studied had no history of stroke indicating that the results may not generalize to all stroke patients. Third, We are short of information about the drugs and rehabilitation interventions out of the hospital which may affects the robustness of the main analysis. Fourth, We had no control for confounding factors of medications or serum electrolytes which may lead to alteration of the QT interval. Fifth, We studied a cohort of patients with low NIHSS scores, whether our findings can be extrapolated to more severe patients safely is not known. Last, As in other epidemiologic studies, residual confounding remains a possibility, although we adjusted for several factors which may affect the prognosis of IS.
Conclusions
An increase in QTd was associated with poorer functional outcomes up to 1 year after the index event. These results showed that electrocardiographic assessment for cases with stroke may provide significant prognostic information for patients and pathogenetic perception in restoration of function. QTd is a useful surrogate marker of adverse functional prognosis that provides effective risk stratification of cerebrovascular disease.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, as well as ethical committees at the participating hospitals, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients or their legal authorized representatives provided written informed consent before participation.
Author Contributions
HT designed and wrote the manuscript. AW and YZ performed the data analysis. YoW revised the manuscript. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting, and critically revising the article.
Funding
This work was supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0901002, 2017YFC1310901, and 2018YFC1312903), grants from Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (D171100003017002), and grants from National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX09304018).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants and staff for their contribution.
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Keywords: acute ischemic stroke, functional outcome, QT dispersion, recurrent vascular event, TIA
Citation: Tang H, Sun J, Wang Y, Jie X, Ma Y, Wang A, Zhang Y, Wang X and Wang Y (2021) QT Interval Dispersion as a Predictor of Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front. Neurol. 11:974. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00974
Received: 13 April 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020;
Published: 22 January 2021.
Edited by:
Laszlo Csiba, University of Debrecen, HungaryReviewed by:
Wen-Jun Tu, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, ChinaIstvan Lorincz, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Copyright © 2021 Tang, Sun, Wang, Jie, Ma, Wang, Zhang, Wang and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yongjun Wang, eW9uZ2p1bndhbmcmI3gwMDA0MDtuY3JjbmQub3JnLmNu