Junliang Yuan
Zejin Jia
Yangguang Song
Wenli Hu- 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 2Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Background: Recently, the [diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA), DOT] score has been recognized to be a new tool for non-specialists to diagnose TIA more accurately with the sensitivity and specificity being 89 and 76%, respectively. However, the DOT score has not yet been validated externally in patients with TIA in China.
Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 500 consecutive patients with transient neurological symptoms, who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between Jan 2016 and Dec 2018. Patients with transient neurological symptoms were divided into two subgroups: TIA mimic group (N = 140, 28%) and definite cerebrovascular events group including tissue-based TIA (DWI negative, N = 252, 50.4%) and minor stroke (DWI positive, N = 108, 21.6%). The demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and scores of Dawson and DOT were compared between the two groups.
Results: A total of 500 patients with transient neurological symptoms (mean age, 61.1 ± 12.8) were enrolled and 70% (N = 350) were male. Comparing with TIA mimic groups, patients with cerebrovascular events group were more likely to have higher diastolic blood pressure, uric acid and homocysteine, more motor weakness and speech abnormalities, and also scored higher using the Dawson and DOT. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.728 for DOT, with a sensitivity of 70.3% and specificity of 62.9%, respectively.
Conclusion: In patients with transient neurological symptoms, our findings showed that the DOT score had relatively good calibration and discrimination to identify of TIA in a Chinese Population. As a novel tool of TIA identification, further validations are needed in multiple centers with larger samples in China.
Introduction
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million (1, 2), and the first in China (3). Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of local neurologic dysfunction and it is a prodromal stage of stroke especially in the first few days (4). However, the precise estimate of TIA is difficult mainly due to the varying criteria utilized to identify a TIA. TIA was classically defined as a focal cerebral ischemic event with symptoms lasting <24 h. Due to the rapid development of neuroimaging, up to one-third of patients with TIA may have radiological evidence of acute infarction (5, 6). The frequency of positive diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings varied from 9 to 67% among different cohorts of patients with TIA (7–9). Therefore, the definition of TIA is changing from “time-based TIA” to “tissue-based TIA,” which is “a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction” (10). Changing the definition of TIA could lead to a landmark to evaluate the progress of stroke.
It has been reported 20% of stroke could be preceded by an episode of TIA. TIA represents really a major warning, and patients with TIA have the highest risk of early, recurrent stroke or other cardiovascular events (11–13). TIA is poorly managed in many countries, thus, it is of great significance to focus on the early differentiation TIA from minor stroke or common TIA mimics (14). As for diagnostic algorithms for TIA, as far as we know, there have been only two tools previously developed. The first clinical scoring tool was Dawson score (Table 1), however, it is less accurate in primary care than in specialist care (16), and lack of retinal and posterior circulation cerebrovascular events assessment (15). The second tool was the Diagnosis of TIA (DOT) score (Table 2), which was considered to be a new tool for non-specialists to make the diagnosis of TIA with greater accuracy with the sensitivity and specificity were 89 and 76%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of DOT score was 0.89, however, the Dawson score was 0.77 (17). However, this new tool of DOT has not yet been externally validated in other populations before widely utilized. Thus, the aim of the present study was aimed to investigate the validation of DOT score as a new clinical diagnostic tool of TIA in patients with transient neurological symptoms.
Table 1. TIA scoring system (Dawson score) (15).
Table 2. The diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (DOT) score (17).
Materials and Methods
Subjects
Our study was a retrospective, observational study in the Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University. We retrospectively enrolled 500 patients with transient neurological symptoms between Jan 2016 and Dec 2018 and they all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. TIA is classically defined to be the presence of focal neurological symptoms due to a vascular etiology lasting <24 h, irrespective of imaging findings (18). Patients with transient neurological symptoms were divided into two subgroups: TIA mimic group, and cerebrovascular events group including tissue-based TIA (DWI negative) and minor stroke (DWI positive). The tissue-based definition of TIA was proposed to classify patients only if the symptoms fit the clinical syndrome and no acute ischemic lesion identified by DWI (10), whereas minor stroke was similar to the above but positive DWI. However, there are some patients with transient focal neurological symptoms which are not due to focal cerebral ischemia, thus, the patients with an underlying non-ischemic disorder were classified as TIA mimics (such as epileptic seizures, migraine) (19). Our work was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Clinical Variables
We retrospectively obtained the following clinical data: age, gender; vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, stroke, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and current smoking. The laboratory blood tests were also obtained from medical records, including the counts of red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet, hemoglobin, fibrinogen, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, glycated albumin, uric acid, homocysteine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, C-reactive protein, albumin, pre-albumin, folic acid and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. The scores of Dawson and DOT were also calculated. The presenting symptoms of TIA included motor weakness, sensory disturbance, speech abnormalities (dysarthria or aphasia), loss of consciousness, ataxia, diplopia, and hemianopia. The durations of TIA were classified into three categories: <10 min, 10–59 min, or more than 1 h. The time from symptom onset to MRI and the used medication were also documented.
Statistical Analysis
The data were described using the mean and standard deviation values for continuous variables, the median and interquartile range values for categorical variables, and absolute numbers and percentages for nominal and categorical variables, and we compared the groups using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. We performed a chi-square test between categorical variables and a t-test between continuous variables. The dependent variable was “definite cerebrovascular events,” which included tissue-based TIA and minor stroke (17). The calibration of the models was tested by calibration plots and the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic, and the discrimination was tested by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and AUC. We used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for data analysis. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
We enrolled a total of 500 patients with transient neurological symptoms, and the mean age was 61.1 ± 12.8 years, and 70% (N = 350) were male. Among the patients with transient neurological symptoms, we found that TIA mimics (N = 140, 28%) and cerebrovascular events including tissue-based TIA (N = 252, 50.4%) and minor stroke (N = 108, 21.6%).
Table 3 showed the demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, vascular risk factors, the duration of TIA and the time from symptom onset to MRI. In cerebrovascular events group, the use of medication was shown: the aspirin (36.9%), clopidogrel (19.4%), dual antiplatelet therapy (42%), and anticoagulation (1.7%). The laboratory findings were presented in Table 4. We found there were significant differences in diastolic blood pressure, uric acid and homocysteine, the proportion of motor weakness and speech abnormalities, and the scores of Dawson and DOT between the two groups (P < 0.05).
Table 3. The baseline demographics, clinical characteristics between the two groups.
Table 4. The laboratory findings and the risk scores of TIA in all TIA patients.
As for the calibration and discrimination, predicted and observed diagnoses were plotted by the AUC with 95% CI. Figure 1 showed the calibration plots (predicted vs. observed results), and the P-value was 0.541 for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test of goodness of fit. From Table 5 and Figure 2, we found the AUC (95% CI) of the Dawson and DOT for predicting the cerebrovascular events were 0.681 (95% CI, 0.629–0.732) and 0.728 (95% CI, 0.680–0.776), respectively. The score of DOT showed a greater AUC, with sensitivity of 70.3% and specificity of 62.9%, respectively. The optimal cut point for DOT score was 0.455 using the Youden Index.
Figure 1. The calibration plots (predicted vs. observed results).
Table 5. The area under the curve of the scores of TIA.
Figure 2. The predictive value of Dawson and DOT score using ROC.
Discussion
In our present study, among patients with transient neurological symptoms, the patients with cerebrovascular events were more likely to be higher diastolic blood pressure, uric acid and homocysteine, more motor weakness and speech abnormalities, and higher scores of Dawson and DOT. DOT score showed relatively good calibration and discrimination to identify of TIA in a Chinese population.
TIA requires urgent investigation and treatment. The term “transient neurological symptoms” is used to describe a broad spectrum of symptoms following TIA or TIA mimics (20). Unilateral weakness and speech disturbances are the most common clinical manifestations of TIA, and our findings were in accordance with the prior studies (21, 22). It was reported unilateral weakness and speech disturbance were found in ~31–54% and 25–42% of TIA, respectively (5). There is no gold standard clinical tool used to diagnose TIA or stroke only based on symptomology, thus, accurate identification of TIA or stroke patients is quite difficult. It was reported up to 50–60% of TIA patients were diagnosed to be non-cerebrovascular mimics by non-specialists (23). Another data showed that up to 35% of referrals to TIA clinics were non-vascular mimics (24). Thus, it is especially crucial about the differential diagnosis of transient neurological symptoms from TIA or TIA mimics in clinical practice (e.g., migraine or seizure) (20, 25).
As a result, a TIA diagnostic tool to differentiate some TIA mimics from urgent TIA would be much valuable. To date, there have been only two tools for the early diagnosis of TIA. The clinical scoring system of Dawson was proved to facilitate to detect of TIA accurately. However, it has some limitations both on the utility only in primary care and not including posterior circulation cerebrovascular events (15). The second tool was the DOT score, which was recognized to be a new tool to make the diagnosis of TIA more accurate (17). However, this new tool of DOT has not yet been externally validated in other populations out of the United Kingdom. Our findings indicated that DOT score performed relatively good calibration and discrimination, with a sensitivity of 70.3% and specificity of 62.9%. We also found there was greater AUC of DOT (0.728) compared with Dawson (0.681). According to Dutta D study in 2016, the AUC for DOT was 0.89 and Dawson score was 0.77. Our findings were consistent with Dutta D study (17).
Our study also had some limitations. First, this study was designed as a retrospective study from a single center, which is one potential limitation. Studies with larger numbers from multiple centers in China are needed to confirm our findings. Second, we did not perform follow-ups to assess the risk factors of the recurrence of TIA or stroke, which may be of great importance for the assessment and management of TIA. Third, we did not perform the etiological classification of stroke/TIA, according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Fourth, we did not find blood or imaging biomarkers available to reliably distinguish TIA from TIA mimics (22).
Despite these limitations, as far as we know, the present study is the largest ever-reported study to identify the clinical predictors for the accurate diagnosis of TIA. Besides, for the first time, we have externally validated the DOT score as for a new tool of TIA in patients with TIA in China. Thirdly, we further confirmed the score of DOT could encompass the entire spectrum of TIA/stroke, which could be used as a mobile app or web-based calculator with higher accuracy.
In summary, we have externally validated the DOT score in patients with TIA in a Chinese population, and it was proved to be accurate as a diagnostic tool for TIA in China. The relative merits and clinical utility of the DOT score will warrant further prospective study in multiple centers with large samples.
Data Availability
The datasets for this manuscript are not publicly available because still recruit and in progress. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to JY, yuan_doctor@163.com.
Ethics Statement
Our work was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Author Contributions
JY, ZJ, and YS examined, evaluated the patient. JY drafted and revised the manuscript. WH participated in the design of the case-report and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81301016) and the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program (PX2019009).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Yicheng Xu, Weixue Wang, Shuang Wang, Zihan Yan, Yu Zhang for their great help for the data collection and analysis.
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Keywords: transient ischemic attack, diagnosis of TIA score, Dawson score, ischemic stroke, diffusion weighted imaging
Citation: Yuan J, Jia Z, Song Y and Hu W (2019) External Validation of the Diagnosis of TIA (DOT) Score for Identification of TIA in a Chinese Population. Front. Neurol. 10:796. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00796
Received: 15 March 2019; Accepted: 10 July 2019;
Published: 13 August 2019.
Edited by:
Linxin Li, University of Oxford, United KingdomReviewed by:
Mohamed Al-Khaled, University of Lübeck, GermanyXiping Xu, Southern Medical University, China
Copyright © 2019 Yuan, Jia, Song and Hu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wenli Hu, wenlihu3366@126.com