Antonina Luca
Alessandra Nicoletti
Giovanni Mostile
Mario Zappia- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
Since 1913 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been described as particularly industrious, devoted to hard work, inflexible, punctual, cautious, and moralist (1). These psychological characteristics have been so constantly reported that the concept of “Parkinsonian personality” emerged. In this regards, in the last few years PD patients have been evaluated according to several models of personality assessment (2), with the Big Five Model (BFM) (3) and the Cloninger's Psychobiological Model (CPM) (4) as the most used. Studies following the BFM reported that PD patients presented high levels of Neuroticism and low levels of both 5, Openness and Extraversion (6), while studies using the CPM described the temperament of PD patients as characterized by low Novelty Seeking (NS) and high Harm Avoidance (HA) (2, 7, 8). As a matter of fact, the high HA could be responsible for the Parkinsonians' tendency to be cautious, fearful, pessimistic and shy, while the low levels of NS could account for the tendency to be unsocial, frugal and orderly. Under different points of view, the “Parkinsonian personality,” as it has been consistently reported in literature (7, 9), shares several clinical features with the obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPeD) as classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) (10).
The OCPeD is defined as a “chronic, pervasive, maladaptive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency” (10). In the general population, it is the most common personality disorder with a lifetime prevalence reaching the 9.3% (11). Classically considered as stable over time, an increasing number of observations allow to hypothesize that the clinical presentation of OCPeD is less stable than originally assumed, being possible to detect the occurrence, attenuation, or relapse of obsessive symptoms across the life-time (12, 13). While the correspondence between the presence of high HA and low NS levels and OCPeD has been investigated in the general population over the years (14–16), no studies on the correspondence between these temperament traits, configuring the parkinsonian personality, and OCPeD have been conducted in PD patients.
However, studying the “Parkinsonian personality” according to the DSM diagnostic criteria could be more useful in terms of clinical practice, since it would allow to reach a diagnosis of personality disorder rather than merely describe temperamental traits.
On the contrary, nowadays there is a limited amount of studies using the DSM criteria.
In particular, we have carried out a study with the aim of investigating the presence of personality disorders in PD patients and controls, reporting a significantly higher frequency of OCPeD among PD patients (respectively 40 vs. 10%) (17). In agreement with some literature evidences that reported a quite common prevalence of OCPeD in the elderly (18), the frequency of OCPeD was higher among PD patients aged 60 years and above (17). These findings suggest that even among PD patients, OCPeD are probably not so stable in the life-span, worsening during senescence (11). Furthermore, the high frequency of OCPeD was also confirmed in de novo PD patients with a short disease duration, thus supporting the hypothesis that this personality disorder could be considered as an early non-motor manifestation of PD, being present regardless disease duration, motor impairment or dopaminergic treatment (19). Regarding other movement disorders, a high prevalence of OCPeD has been also found among patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) but not among those with multiple system atrophy or essential tremor (20). PSP is an atypical parkinsonism characterized by perseverations, rigid perfectionism, restricted affectivity and executive function deficit (21). Actually, from a pathophysiological point of view, the high prevalence of OCPeD both in PD and in PSP patients, could be linked to a common frontostriatal circuit dysfunction (22); indeed, it may be useful to deepen the knowledge regarding the possible association between personality changes and executive dysfunctions. Also the latters, in fact, essential for everyday decision-making (such as planning, monitoring, manipulating information and attention), are mostly modulated by dorsal fronto-striatal loops (23). It has been reported that more than 30% of PD patients present, even at an early stage of the disease, a cognitive condition “intermediate” between normal cognition and dementia, primarily marked by attention and executive functions impairment (24).
Few studies have investigated the possible association between the “parkinsonian personality” and executive dysfunction reporting controversial results, also considering methodological differences used by different studies (6, 25, 26). In particular, Volpato et al. (6), assessing the personality according to the BFM, reported a certain correlation between specific personality traits (emotional stability and openness to experience) and executive functions. Luca et al. (25), assessing the personality according to the CPM, reported a strong association between high HA score and executive dysfunctions, while Koerts et al. (26) did not.
Unfortunately, while in the general population the association between OCPeD and executive dysfunction has been elucidated (27, 28), no literature data on PD patients are now available. However, due to the aforementioned close correspondence between high HA score and OCPeD, it is not unlikely that the reported association between high HA and executive dysfunction could be just an epiphenomenon, reflecting the well-known association between OCPeD and executive dysfunctions. As a matter of fact, the corticostriatal circuit dysfunction (orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and striatum) could represent the pathophysiological explanation of both cognitive and behavioral inflexibility characterizing OCPeD (29).
In any case, regardless the co-occurrence of executive function deficits, the assessment of parkinsonian personality through a clinical interview evaluating the possible presence of an OCPeD should be encouraged for different reasons. First of all, as previously mentioned, the OCPeD is not just a “temperament trait,” but a nosographically defined clinical entity that can be diagnosed according to worldwide accepted criteria (10). Moreover, OCPeD frequently occurs in association with other psychiatric disturbances, such as anxiety disorders, depression, alcohol or drug dependence, hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (30), pathological gambling, and internet addiction, above all (31, 32).
In the light of what has been said, the assessment of OCPeD in PD patients could be useful also in the stratification of frailty allowing neurologists to identify those patients at risk of impulse control disorders or cognitive decline. Finally, severe OCPeD can benefit from antidepressants and/or psychotherapeutic interventions (33–35).
In conclusion, the assessment of personality disorders in PD patients according to the DSM would impact clinical practice, guaranteeing the formulation of a clear diagnosis, thus enabling the clinicians to take the right therapeutic path, in line with a patient-centered point of view.
Author Contributions
AL, AN, GM, and MZ: conception; AL and AN: writing of the first draft; All authors: review and critique the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, Parkinson's disease, temperament, harm avoidance
Citation: Luca A, Nicoletti A, Mostile G and Zappia M (2019) The Parkinsonian Personality: More Than Just a “Trait”. Front. Neurol. 9:1191. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01191
Received: 11 October 2018; Accepted: 27 December 2018;
Published: 15 January 2019.
Edited by:
Antonio Pisani, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ItalyReviewed by:
Tommaso Schirinzi, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ItalyMatteo Bologna, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Copyright © 2019 Luca, Nicoletti, Mostile and Zappia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mario Zappia, m.zappia@unict.it
†These authors have contributed equally to this work