AUTHOR=Pavlou Marousa , Whitney Susan L. , Alkathiry Abdulaziz A. , Huett Marian , Luxon Linda M. , Raglan Ewa , Godfrey Emma L. , Bamiou Doris-Eva 

TITLE=Visually Induced Dizziness in Children and Validation of the Pediatric Visually Induced Dizziness Questionnaire

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00656

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2017.00656

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=<sec id="ST1"><title>Aims</title><p>To develop and validate the Pediatric Visually Induced Dizziness Questionnaire (PVID) and quantify the presence and severity of visually induced dizziness (ViD), i.e., symptoms induced by visual motion stimuli including crowds and scrolling computer screens in children.</p></sec><sec id="ST2"><title>Methods</title><p>169 healthy (female <italic>n</italic> = 89; recruited from mainstream schools, London, UK) and 114 children with a primary migraine, concussion, or vestibular disorder diagnosis (female <italic>n</italic> = 62), aged 6–17 years, were included. Children with primary migraine were recruited from mainstream schools while children with concussion or vestibular disorder were recruited from tertiary balance centers in London, UK, and Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Children completed the PVID, which assesses the frequency of dizziness and unsteadiness experienced in specific environmental situations, and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a brief behavioral screening instrument.</p></sec><sec id="ST3"><title>Results</title><p>The PVID showed high internal consistency (11 items; α = 0.90). A significant between-group difference was noted with higher (i.e., worse) PVID scores for patients vs. healthy participants (<italic>U</italic> = 2,436.5, <italic>z</italic> = −10.719, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001); a significant difference was noted between individual patient groups [χ<sup>2</sup>(2) = 11.014, <italic>p</italic> = 0.004] but <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis showed no significant pairwise comparisons. The optimal cut-off score for discriminating between individuals with and without abnormal ViD levels was 0.45 out of 3 (sensitivity 83%, specificity 75%). Self-rated emotional (<italic>U</italic> = 2,730.0, <italic>z</italic> = −6.169) and hyperactivity (<italic>U</italic> = 3,445.0, <italic>z</italic> = −4.506) SDQ subscale as well as informant (<italic>U</italic> = 188.5, <italic>z</italic> = −3.916) and self-rated (<italic>U</italic> = 3,178.5, <italic>z</italic> = −5.083) total scores were significantly worse for patients compared to healthy participants (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec id="ST4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>ViD is common in children with a primary concussion, migraine, or vestibular diagnosis. The PVID is a valid measure for identifying the presence of ViD in children and should be used to identify and quantify these symptoms, which require specific management incorporating exposure to optokinetic stimuli.</p></sec>