AUTHOR=Pedrão Luiz Fernando A. T. , Medeiros Pamela O. S. , Leandro Estela C. , Falquetto Barbara TITLE=Parkinson’s disease models and death signaling: what do we know until now? JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy VOLUME=18 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroanatomy/articles/10.3389/fnana.2024.1419108 DOI=10.3389/fnana.2024.1419108 ISSN=1662-5129 ABSTRACT=
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second neurodegenerative disorder most prevalent in the world, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra (SN). It is well known for its motor and non-motor symptoms including bradykinesia, resting tremor, psychiatric, cardiorespiratory, and other dysfunctions. Pathological apoptosis contributes to a wide variety of diseases including PD. Various insults and/or cellular phenotypes have been shown to trigger distinct signaling events leading to cell death in neurons affected by PD. The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway, inflammatory or oxidative stress-induced extrinsic pathways are the main events associated with apoptosis in PD-related neuronal loss. Although SN is the main brain area studied so far, other brain nuclei are also affected by the disease leading to non-classical motor symptoms as well as non-motor symptoms. Among these, the respiratory symptoms are often overlooked, yet they can cause discomfort and may contribute to patients shortened lifespan after disease diagnosis. While animal and