Coupling Hierarchical Ultrathin Co Nanosheets With N-Doped Carbon Plate as High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts

The rational design of cost-effective and highly efficient catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is vastly desirable for advanced renewable energy conversion and storage systems. Tailoring the composition and architecture of electrocatalysts is a reliable approach for improving their catalytic performance. Herein, we developed hierarchical ultra-thin Co nanosheets coupled with N-doped carbon plate (Co-NS@NCP) as an efficient OER catalyst through a feasible and easily scalable NaCl template method. The rapid dissolution-recrystallization-carbonization synthesis process allows Co nanosheets to self-assemble into plenty of secondary building units and to distribute uniformly on N-doped carbon plate. Benefitting from the vertically aligned Co nanosheet arrays and hierarchical architecture, the obtained Co-NS@NCP possess an extremely high specific surface area up to 446.49 m² g⁻¹, which provides sufficient exposed active sites, excellent structure stability, and multidimensional mass transfer channels. Thus, the Co-NS@NCP affords remarkable electrocatalytic performance for OER in an alkaline medium with a low overpotential of only 278 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², a small Tafel slope, as well as robust electrocatalytic stability for long-term electrolysis operation. The present findings here emphasize a rational and promising perspective for designing high-efficiency non-precious electrocatalysts for the OER process and sustainable energy storage and conversion system.

Introduction

Urged by the ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels and environmental pollution problems, numerous efforts have been put to design new renewable energy materials and technologies (Liu et al., 2020; Zhang X. et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020). Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 4OH⁻ → 2H₂O + O₂ + 4e⁻) always draws significant attention in the scientific community because it plays a great crucial role in the development of energy conversion and storage technologies (e.g., metal-air batteries, water splitting devices) (Lyu et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2020). However, the complex four-electron transfer process and high energy barriers of the formation of the O=O bond hinder the further applications of OER in energy-related applications (Xie et al., 2019; Jothi et al., 2020). Thus, it is necessary to develop high-efficiency electrocatalysts to expedite the reaction kinetics and reduce the overpotential for OER (Fu et al., 2018a; Wang and Zeng, 2018; Chen R. et al., 2019). Up till now, noble-metal-based oxides, such as IrO₂ and RuO₂, are commonly acknowledged as state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for the OER. But the scarcity reserves and high prices of these noble metals greatly limit the realization of large-scale commercialization (Fu et al., 2018b; Sun et al., 2020b). Therefore, the exploration of both economical and efficient non-noble-metal-based OER electrocatalysts to replace these noble metals has become a research trend (Fu et al., 2018c; Wu et al., 2020).

In recent years, as a potential substitute for commercial IrO₂ and RuO₂ catalysts, noble-metal-free-based catalysts have been widely researched. Among them, earth-abundant Co-based electrocatalysts, including oxides (Li T. et al., 2019; Zhang Y. et al., 2020), sulfides (Dong et al., 2019; Fragal et al., 2019), phosphides (Jin et al., 2019; Li M. et al., 2020), nitrides (Ouyang et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019b), layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (Yu et al., 2017; Dionigi et al., 2020), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (Chen et al., 2017; Kang et al., 2019), single atoms (Yang et al., 2018; Zang et al., 2018), etc., have been proven to have a low price and good electrocatalytic activity toward OER process (Yang et al., 2019a; Zhao et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020). In particular, Co species supported on carbonaceous materials, such as nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) (Zhao et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2020), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (Li Y. et al., 2018), and porous carbon (Fu et al., 2018d) electrocatalysts have demonstrated greatly enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability. For example, Jiao et al. designed and developed a molecule-level graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) coordinated transition metal Co catalyst (Co-C₃N₄/CNT), which possessed comparable electrocatalytic activity to that of the noble metal catalysts for the ORR and OER in alkaline solution (Zheng et al., 2017). The intimate connections between active Co and g-C₃N₄ could inhibit the aggregation and dissolution of active sites during the catalytic process. In addition, structural engineering is one of the outstanding approaches to improve the catalytic activity and reaction rate of OER (Li S. et al., 2019; Chandrasekaran et al., 2020). The construction of special nanostructures (e.g., hollow structure, hierarchical structure, nanoarray architectures, etc.) can endow the electrocatalysts with a higher specific surface area to expose more active sites and possess more mass transport channels to enhance the rate of reaction (Fu et al., 2017a; Cheng et al., 2019; Wang S. et al., 2019; Zhang, C.-L. et al., 2020). For instance, Guan et al. designed and synthesized a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical CoNi/CoFe₂O₄ supported on Ni foam, which delivered a cell voltage of only 1.57 V at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² for overall water splitting (Li S. et al., 2018). For self-assembled hierarchical structure, the in situ formed self-supported hierarchical structure could provide numerous more accessible active sites (Sun et al., 2020a). Besides, the self-supported structure and the presence of substrate will prevent the aggregation and stratification of active substances, facilitate the permeation of electrolyte, enlarge the specific surface area and release bubbles to accelerate the reaction kinetics (Li T. et al., 2020). The construction of a hierarchical structure on carbon supports will also provide an intimate contact interface between the active substance and the supports, which will facilitate and improve the electrical conductivity (Zhou et al., 2020). Taken together, the design and construction of self-supported hierarchically Co-based catalysts on carbon substrate should be able to deliver a satisfactory catalytic performance with improved catalytic activity and robust stability (Yang et al., 2019c).

Herein, we reported a novel and efficient catalyst composed of hierarchically ultra-thin Co nanosheets arrays coupled with N-doped carbon plate (denoted as Co-NS@NCP) for a highly-efficient OER process. Through the rapid dissolution-recrystallization-carbonization synthesis process, the self-assembled Co nanosheet arrays and 2D carbon plates are well-formed on the stable 2D platform surface of NaCl hard-template. The hierarchical and porous structure of the Co-NS@NCP provides a high specific surface area (446.49 cm² g⁻¹), abundant exposed active sites, excellent structure stability, and multidimensional mass transfer channels. Thus, the resulting Co-NS@NCP catalyst displays an excellent OER performance with a low overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻² (only 278 mV), a small Tafel slope, as well as steady electrocatalytic stability, which significantly superior to that of commercial RuO₂.

Results and Discussion

The fabrication process of the Co-NS@NCP catalyst is schematically described in Figure 1. The Co²⁺- histidine@NaCl complexes were first synthesized by the rapid dissolution and recrystallization of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, histidine, and excessive NaCl precursors. Histidine, as one of the essential amino acids, not only has good coordination ability with metal ions, which is essential for the formation of M-N-C (e.g., Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺) (Chen Y. et al., 2019) (Supplementary Figure 1) but also plays a role of cheap, green and non-toxic sources of N and C. Besides, excessive NaCl was chosen as a hard-template which provides a stable 2D platform for the formation and growth of Co nanosheets and carbon plate (Fu et al., 2017b; Huan et al., 2019). By rapid dissolution and recrystallization process, histidine and Co precursors were uniformly deposited on the surface of NaCl nanocrystals, as observed from the SEM images in Figure 1. After pyrolysis at 700°C for 2 h under N₂ atmosphere, the Co²⁺-histidine@NaCl complexes were converted into ultrathin Co nanosheets coupled with N-doped carbon plate (Co-NS@NCP) loaded on NaCl nanocube. During the annealing process, histidine was transformed into N-doped carbon plate and Co species were reduced to Co nanosheets on the surface of the N-doped carbon plate. Finally, after removing the inside NaCl template with water/ethanol and centrifugation, the 2D ultrathin Co-NS@NCP was obtained. For comparison, Co-NS@NCP-600, Co-NS@NCP-650, and Co-NS@NCP-750 samples were prepared via a similar process except with different pyrolysis temperatures at 600, 650, and 750°C, respectively. The detailed experiment process was described in the Experimental section. The composition and crystal structure of Co-NS@NCP was also verified by the corresponding X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. As shown in Supplementary Figure 2, a set of diffraction peaks located at 44.2, 51.5, and 75.8° can be well indexed to (111), (200), and (220) facets of metallic Co phase (JCPDS Card No. 15-0806) while a broad diffraction peak at about 26° is corresponding to (002) plane of graphitic carbon.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Schematic illustration and SEM images of the formation process of Co-NS@NCP catalyst.

The morphology and structure features of Co-NS@NCP were first investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images. As revealed by Figures 2a,b, the as-fabricated Co-NS@NCP catalyst presents a porous hierarchical structure consisted of ultrathin 2D sheet-like Co nanoarrays which are uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon plate. XRD patterns and SEM images of Co-NS@NCP at different pyrolysis temperatures (Supplementary Figures 3–5) demonstrate that the composition of the products did not change significantly while the density of Co nanosheets array structures enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature goes up to 750°C, the array structures of Co-NS@NCP collapsed. Therefore, 700°C is the optimal pyrolysis temperature for the synthesis of Co-NS@NCP catalysts. Due to the highly open hierarchical architecture and porosity features, the Co-NS@NCP catalyst possesses a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area up to 446.49 m² g⁻¹. The pore-size distribution curve (Supplementary Figure 6) shows the presence of micropores and mesopores in the Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst. N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms (Figure 2c) depict typical IV-type characteristics, indicating the typical mesoporous features of Co-NS@NCP, which in accordance well with the SEM and TEM images. The high specific surface area and highly open hierarchical architecture of Co-NS@NCP could provide more accessible active-sites and a large number of electron/mass transfer pathways during the electrocatalysis process (Chen J. et al., 2019). Magnified SEM and TEM images (Figures 2d,e) reveal that the flexible and ultrathin Co nanosheets were interconnected and self-assembled into many secondary building-units. The thickness of the Co nanosheet was measured about 4 nm, as obtained from the magnified SEM image. The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image (Figure 2f) depicts the well-resolved interplanar lattice spacing of 0.21 nm, corresponding to the (111) plane of cubic Co phase, which in accordance well with the XRD results above. Notably, lattice dislocations and defects can also be observed in the HRTEM image, which may be caused by the curling and interlacing of flexible nanosheets. The atoms at lattice dislocations and defects could facilitate the catalytic process effectively by working as catalytic active sites due to their coordinative unsaturation nature (Zhou et al., 2019). Scanning TEM (STEM) image (Figure 2g), corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) element mapping images (Figure 2h), and line scanning profiles (Supplementary Figure 7) indicating the uniform interspersion of Co, N and C in the Co-NS@NCP catalyst. The mass ratio of Co, C, and N elements was measured to be 60.57: 33.27: 6.15 embodied by the EDX spectrum (Figure 2i). Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) was conducted to further appraise the proportion of Co element in Co-NS@NCP. As demonstrated in Supplementary Figure 8, the TGA curve has a significant weight loss at 300–400°C, which is mainly due to the weight loss of caron nanosheets and the oxidation of the Co element. The weight content of the Co element in the Co-NS@NCP was estimated to be about 59.97 wt.% in light of the residual weight of Co₃O₄.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Morphology characterization of the composite Co-NS@NCP: Large-area (a) SEM and (b) TEM images; (c) N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms; (d) Magnified SEM and (e) TEM images; (f) HRTEM image; (g) HAADF-STEM image and (h) corresponding EDX element mapping images; (i) EDX spectrum.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was further conducted to examine the composition and surface chemical valance states of Co-NS@NCP catalyst. The XPS survey scan spectrum in Supplementary Figure 9 confirms the co-existence of Co, C, and N elements in the resulting Co-NS@NCP catalyst, in accordance well with EDX results. The high-resolution Co 2p XPS spectrum in Figure 3A shows two main typical peaks at 780.3 and 795.6 eV, indicating the presence of 2p_3/2 and 2p_1/2 orbits of Co³⁺ and Co²⁺ species, respectively; while the peaks at 787.5 and 803.5 eV could be attributed to associated shake-up satellites. The existence of oxidate Co species could be ascribed to the surface oxidation of the Co-NS@NCP catalyst when exposing to air. The high-resolution C 1s spectrum (Figure 3B) proves an obvious sp²-hybridized C-C peak at 284.6 ev (Wang et al., 2020). It was notable that the peak ascribed to the C-N bond could be clearly observed at 285.4 eV, indicating the successful doping of the N element in the carbon plate. The N 1s spectrum (Figure 3C) can be well-assigned to three bonding types of N species, pyridinic N (398.1 eV), pyrrolic N (400.4 eV), and graphitic N (401.9 eV), respectively (Wang H. et al., 2019). Raman spectroscopy was executed to further explore the structural characteristic of the Co-NS@NCP catalyst. As shown in Figure 3D, there are two typical peaks located at about 1350 and 1580 cm⁻¹ for all the Co-NS@NCP catalysts, according to the D-band (disordered carbon atoms) and G-band (graphitic carbon atoms), respectively (Fragal et al., 2019). All of the Co-NS@NCP samples at different temperatures exhibit a high-intensity ratio of D-band and G-band (I_D/I_G), which suggests the high number of defects that origin from the size and bonding state difference between C and N atoms in the N-doped carbon. The high content of nitrogen species and high structural defects in Co-NS@NCP catalyst could result in faster charge transfer rates and induce more catalytically active sites toward the catalytic process (Yu et al., 2018).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. High-resolution XPS spectra of (A) Co 2p region, (B) C 1s region, and (C) N 1s region, respectively; (D) Raman spectrum of Co-NS@NCP.

The electrocatalytic performance of the as-fabricated Co-NS@NCP catalyst for OER was investigated in an O₂-saturated 1.0 M KOH solution with a standard three-electrode system. For comparison, the catalytic performance of commercial RuO₂ and Co-NS@NCP catalysts obtained at different annealing temperatures were also recorded under identical conditions. All potentials in the polarization curves have not been iR-corrected. Figure 4A depicted the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) polarization curves of Co-NS@NCP catalysts obtained at different annealing temperatures. The Co-NS@NCP sample at pyrolysis temperature of 700°C reveals the best OER electrocatalytic activities. Co-NS@NCP-700 exhibits the highest current density during the overall LSV polarization curves. The activity decreased regardless of the pyrolysis temperature increases or decreases, which could be ascribed to the structure superiority of Co-NS@NCP-700. According to Figure 4A, the overpotentials at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻² of all the samples were summarized in Figure 4B. The Co-NS@NCP-700 sample delivers a low overpotential of only 278 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻², which is significantly lower than that of Co-NS@NCP-600 (396 mV), Co-NS@NCP-650 (391 mV), and Co-NS@NCP-750 (383 mV). The low overpotential of Co-NS@NCP-700 is even superior to the commercial RuO₂ (342 mV) and lower than most of the previously reported Co-based electrocatalysts (Supplementary Table 1). The OER kinetics and mechanism of all the samples were investigated by Tafel plot which calculated from the polarization curves (Chen et al., 2020). As depicted in Figure 4C, the Co-NS@NCP-700 sample exhibits a favorable Tafel slope value of 95.9 mV cm⁻² which is competitive to commercial RuO₂ (101.6 mV cm⁻²) and clearly less than Co-NS@NCP-600 (126.4 mV cm⁻²), Co-NS@NCP-650 (135.6 mV cm⁻²), and Co-NS@NCP-750 (125.1 mV cm⁻²). The low Tafel slope of Co-NS@NCP-700 manifests that the Co-NS@NCP-700 employs the first discharge step (i.e., the chemical adsorption of OH⁻ species: M + OH⁻ → M-OH + e⁻) as a rate-limiting step and influences the reaction kinetics (Xu et al., 2019).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Electrocatalytic OER performance of different samples in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte: (A) LSV polarization curves; (B) overpotentials at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻²; (C) Tafel plots derived from the panel; (D) C_dl values; (E) EIS Nyquist plots; (F) LSV polarization curves of the Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst before and after 1,000 cycles.

To estimate the authentic catalytic active site number of Co-NS@NCP for the OER process, the electrochemical double-layer capacitance (C_dl) of all the Co-NS@NCP samples were assessed by a cyclic voltammetry curve (CV) with different scan rates at non-Faradaic potential region (Supplementary Figure 10). Normally, the C_dl values are positively linearly proportional to the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) at the solid-liquid interface (Xu et al., 2020). As shown in Figure 4D, the Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst exhibits a C_dl value of 8.0 mF cm⁻², which larger than that of other samples of different temperatures (Co-NS@NCP-600: 3.8 mF cm⁻², Co-NS@NCP-650: 4.4 mF cm⁻², and Co-NS@NCP-750: 5.6 mF cm⁻²,). Besides, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was further executed to estimate the reaction kinetics during the OER process (Zhu et al., 2019). As shown in Nyquist plots measured at 1.57 V (Figure 4E), the Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst displays the smallest charge transfer resistance (R_ct) in all catalysts obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, demonstrating a good charge transfer resistance and faster OER kinetics. The stability of the Co-NS@NCP-700 sample is also examined by running sequential 1,000 CV scanning cycles. As depicted in Figure 4F, the LSV curve of Co-NS@NCP-700 after 1,000 CV cycles is almost the same as the previous one. The overpotential of OER at the current density of 10 mA cm⁻² only increased by 13 mV, demonstrating excellent electrochemical stability in an alkaline medium. Long-term i–t chronoamperometric teat was also executed to verify the good electrochemical stability of Co-NS@NCP-700. In O₂-saturated 1.0 M KOH solution, the current density of Co-NS@NCP-700 remains stable under sequential i-t test at a constant potential of 1.51 V for even over 12 h (Supplementary Figure 11a). XPS characterization of Co-NS@NCP-700 sample before and after the i-t test (Supplementary Figure 11b) indicates that the peaks of high-resolution Co 2p spectrum of Co-NS@NCP-700 shift to higher binding energies after i-t test, which may be attributed to the surface oxidation of Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst at high oxidation potential during OER process. To evaluate the quantity of catalyst comprehensively, the Faradic efficiency of Co-NS@NCP-700 during the OER process was also measured through the drainage gas collector device (Supplementary Figure 12a). As depicted in Supplementary Figure 12b, the experimental and theoretical O₂ yield-time curve is almost overlapped at a constant current density of 20 mA cm⁻². Thus, the calculated Faradic efficiency is nearly 100%, indicating the ultrahigh selectivity of the Co-NS@NCP-700 catalyst for OER. Taken together, the outstanding OER activity, stability, and selectivity of Co-NS@NCP makes it a promising non-precious metal catalyst for OER with low cost and high efficiency.

The excellent OER performance is greatly associated with the vertically aligned ultrathin Co nanosheet arrays and hierarchically porous architecture of Co-NS@NCP catalyst (Zhou et al., 2017). First, the self-supported and vertically aligned ultrathin Co nanosheet arrays possess a large number of more accessible active sites, which is favorable to facilitate the OER process (Hua et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019). Second, the hierarchically porous architecture of Co-NS@NCP has prominent structural advantages that not only provide a highway for mass diffusion/transport but also prohibit the mutual stacking and aggregation of nanosheets during the OER process (Mishra et al., 2018). Last but not least, the N-doped carbon plate, which serves as a good electron conductor, could boost the interaction with oxygen/protons species and stabilizes the catalytic active components during the OER process (Zhang, C.-L. et al., 2020).

Conclusion

To sum up, we reported a novel and efficient catalyst composed of hierarchically ultra-thin Co nanosheet arrays coupled with N-doped carbon plate through a feasible and easily scalable NaCl template method for a highly-efficient catalytic OER process. NaCl hard-template could provide a stable 2D platform for the formation and growth of self-assembled Co nanosheet arrays and 2D carbon plates during the dissolution-recrystallization-carbonization process. Benefitting from the vertically aligned ultrathin Co nanosheet arrays and hierarchically porous architecture, the obtained Co-NS@NCP possesses sufficient exposed active sites, excellent structure stability, and multidimensional mass transfer channels. As expected, the Co-NS@NCP affording remarkable electrocatalytic performance for OER in alkaline medium with a low overpotential of only 278 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², a small Tafel slope, as well as robust electrocatalytic stability for the long-term electrolysis process. The present findings here may shed a feasible and promising perspective for the development of high-efficiency noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for OER and energy storage and conversion system.

Experimental Section

Reagents and Chemicals

Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), L-histidine dihydrochloride (C₆H₁₀ClN₃O₂), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were furnished from Sinopharm Chemical Regent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Commercial Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) was purchased from Alfa Aesar Co., Ltd. All reagents and chemicals were used without further purification.

Synthesis of the Co-NS@NCP Catalysts

In a typical synthesis, 2.5 mM of L-histidine dihydrochloride, 5 g of NaCl, and 1 mM of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O are dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water with continuous vigorously magnetic stirring for 30 min to form a clear pink solution. Then, the solution was transferred into an open bottle and heated at 80°C for 5 h in an oil bath. Subsequently, this mixture was dried overnight in a vacuum oven to remove superfluous moisture. After that, the sediment was calcined in a tube furnace at 700°C for 2 h with a heating rate of 5°C/min in the N₂ atmosphere. The obtained black product was named Co-NS@NCP-700 and washed with ethanol and deionized water several times. Finally, the as-prepared Co-NS@NCP-700 was dried in an oven at 60°C overnight. For comparison, catalysts obtained from the above method under different pyrolysis temperatures of 600, 650, and 750°C are named Co-NS@NCP-600, Co-NS@NCP-650, and Co-NS@NCP-750, respectively.

Characterization

The crystalline and phase of the products were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) on a Rigaku D/max-RC diffractometer with a Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The morphology and structure of the products were represented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S5500), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F, 200 kV), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEOL JEM-2100F, 200 kV). High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and elemental mapping images were conducted on an FEI Tecnai G2 F20 microscope, which is built as an accessory to the JEOL JEM-2100F. The surface composition of materials was identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on a Thermo VG Scientific ESCALAB 250 spectrometer with an Al Kα light source. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out under air with a temperature ramp of 10°C min⁻¹ using a Netzsch SSTA 449C thermogravimetric analyzer (Netzsch STA 449C).

Electrochemical Measurement

All electrochemical tests were performed by using a conventional three-electrode system on a CHI 760E electrochemical analyzer at 25°C. In the three-electrode system, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, 3 mm in diameter) served as a working electrode, a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) served as a reference electrode while a carbon electrode served as an auxiliary electrode. The 5 mg/mL of catalyst ink was prepared by ultrasonic dispersion method into a well-proportioned suspension as a working electrode. The solvents for the catalyst ink are water and ethanol in a ratio of 3:1. The 10 μL catalyst ink was evenly dropped to the surface of polished GCE and dried at room temperature. After that, 3 μL of 5 wt.% Nafion solution was dropped on the surface of catalyst modified GCE. The OER tests were implemented in O₂-saturated 1.0 M KOH solution with Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) at a scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ at 25°C. The electrochemical double-layer capacitances (C_dl) were obtained through a series of CV tests (scan rate: 20 ~ 100 mV s⁻¹) at the potential range of 1.02 – 1.12 V. In this work, all the potentials were converted to a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The equation of potential conversion from SCE to RHE is described in Equation (1):

$\begin{array}{ll}{E}_{\text{RHE}}=E_{\text{SCE}}+0.0592\text{pH}+0.242& (1)\end{array}$

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

YT and DS planned the all experiments and wrote the manuscript. YW, ML, QZ, QW, and XZ synthesized the samples and performed the electrochemical measurements. All authors have read and approved it.

Funding

The work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (22072067, 21875112). The authors are grateful for the supports from National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and a project sponsored by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The handling Editor declared a past co-authorship with the authors QZ and YT.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnano.2021.659865/full#supplementary-material

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