PROF DWIJENDRA K. GUPTA ^*

• Department of Biochemistry, Allahabad University, Allahabad, India

towards cost-effective diagnostics, non-invasive biopsy, novel therapeutic strategies and solutions toward infertility treatments and neurodegenerative diseases Poorly understood at present are the intricate processes involved in EV biogenesis by donor cells and subsequent uptake by recipient cells .Thus, a thorough understanding of EV biogenesis is crucial for the development of EV-based therapeutics. This aspect is aptly reviewed by Yu et al(2023) who have extensively discussed the fundamental mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis and delivery and also address on the potential of basic mechanistic research in developing novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic applications.In chronic inflammatory lung diseases and lung cancer, distinctive phenotypic changes in macrophage are concomitant with M1-predominant macrophages promoting inflammatory damage and M2-predominant macrophages fostering cancer progression. Exosomes released by reshaped macrophages play a dual role: firstly, by reshaping anti-inflammatory macrophages, inhibiting pro-inflammatory macrophages, and secondly, by alleviating inflammatory damage.Hence, a thorough understanding of pathogenesis of lung cancer and search for novel therapeutic approaches becomes necessary. Kang et al(2024) in their review discuss efficient and targeted exosome-based therapies that may emerge as an attractive option for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. In a systematic review article, Zhong et al ( 2024) present a comprehensive review of exosome research in lung cancer and its progress through bibliometric analytics of exosomes from lung cancer patients during the period of 2004-2023.In a study on Extracellular Vesicles(EVs) isolated from U-937 cells and characterized by DLS and immunoblotting, Rathi et al( 2024) have inquired whether EVs can modulate NADPH Oxidases(NOX4 and NOX2), that have a key role in production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), in monocytes and macrophages. Their results demonstrated that the exogenous addition of differentiation agents (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or ascorbic acid) or the supplementation of EVs used in their study did not cause any stress leading to alterations in cell proliferation and viability. Interestingly, the cells co-cultured with EVs for 72 h, the transformation of monocytes into macrophages exhibited strong suppression of NOX4 and NOX2.This provided evidence for NOX regulation by EVs in addition to its role as an antioxidant source in conformity with previous studies that point out to the role of EVs in therapeutics.Can exosomes also play a role to help better understand the body-mind perspectives in health?The trigger of the immune system via activation of monocyte-derived exosomes also suggest a role for the gut-brain immune axis as an attractive theranostic target. By inducing spontaneous changes in microRNAs in the brain endothelial cells, these exosomes cause an acute inflammatory response with physiological and psychological sequelae, like anxiety and