Successful prediction of LC8 binding to intrinsically disordered proteins illuminates AlphaFold's black box

Douglas R Walker ^* Gretchen Fujimura Juan M Vanegas Elisar Barbar ^*

• Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States

LC8 is a hub protein involved in many processes from tumor suppression and cell cycle regulation to neurotransmission and viral infection. Despite recent progress, prediction of binding sites for LC8 is plagued by motif variability and a multitude of weakly binding motifs, especially when binding depends on multivalency. Our binding site prediction algorithm, LC8Pred has proven useful for uncovering new LC8 binders, but is insufficient for finding all LC8 binding sites. To address this, we probed the ability of a general structure predictor, AlphaFold, to predict whether a given sequence binds to LC8. AlphaFold successfully places proteins at the correct interface of LC8. A set of threshold values of built-in AlphaFold scores enables differentiation between known binders and nonbinders with minimal false positive (8%) and acceptable false negative rates (20%). This cutoff, along with a more inclusive cutoff, was used to predict elusive LC8 binding sites in proteins known to bind LC8. Finally, correlations between binding affinities and AlphaFold scores provide insight into the black box and indicate that AlphaFold learned an inaccurate energy function that nevertheless is useful for making inferences and conclusions about physical systems.