AUTHOR=Yu Jivin , Sane Saba , Kim Ji-Eun , Yun Sehee , Kim Hyeon-Jai , Jo Kyeong Beom , Wright Jacob P. , Khoshdoozmasouleh Nooshin , Lee Kunwoo , Oh Ho Taek , Thiel Keaton , Parvin Afrin , Williams Xavier , Hannon Claire , Lee Hunsang , Kim Dae-Kyum TITLE=Biogenesis and delivery of extracellular vesicles: harnessing the power of EVs for diagnostics and therapeutics JOURNAL=Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences VOLUME=10 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-biosciences/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1330400 DOI=10.3389/fmolb.2023.1330400 ISSN=2296-889X ABSTRACT=

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles secreted by a variety of cell types. These vesicles encapsulate a diverse range of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, and even organelles derived from their parental cells. While EVs have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, they also hold immense potential as both biomarkers and therapeutic agents for numerous diseases. A thorough understanding of EV biogenesis is crucial for the development of EV-based diagnostic developments since the composition of EVs can reflect the health and disease status of the donor cell. Moreover, when EVs are taken up by target cells, they can exert profound effects on gene expression, signaling pathways, and cellular behavior, which makes these biomolecules enticing targets for therapeutic interventions. Yet, despite decades of research, the intricate processes underlying EV biogenesis by donor cells and subsequent uptake by recipient cells remain poorly understood. In this review, we aim to summarize current insights and advancements in the biogenesis and uptake mechanisms of EVs. By shedding light on the fundamental mechanisms governing EV biogenesis and delivery, this review underscores the potential of basic mechanistic research to pave the way for developing novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic applications.