Unveiling Viral Threats to Temperate Pome Fruits: Characterization, Transmission, and Sustainable Management Strategies

Subaya Manzoor ¹ Sajad Un Nabi ^1* Aadil Ayaz ² Bushra Rasool ² Susheel Kumar Sharma ³ M H Chesti ⁴ Shugufta Parveen ⁴ M K Verma ² M A Diab ⁵ Muhammad Fazle Rabbee ⁵

• ¹ Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
• ² ICAR-Central institute of Temperate Horticulture Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
• ³ Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
• ⁴ Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
• ⁵ Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), and quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) are widely cultivated fruit crops in temperate regions due to their desirable flavors and health benefits. However, their production is severely affected by various biotic stresses, with viral diseases being particularly significant challenge. These viral infections are of great economic importance, not only reduce tree vigor and yield but also compromise fruit quality and marketability. To date, more than 26 viruses and viroids have been identified as pathogens of these fruit trees. Many of these viral diseases persist as latent infections, causing permanent infections in these fruit trees. This review provides an overview of the viral pathogens affecting apple, pear, and quince, including their characterization, transmission modes, and the challenges they present for management. Emphasis is placed on accurate diagnosis and effective control strategies to mitigate the impact of these diseases in apple orchards.