Influence of Weather and Seasonal Factors on Whitefly Dynamics, Associated Endosymbiotic Microbiomes, and Begomovirus Transmission Causing Tomato Leaf Curl Disease: Insights From A Metagenomic Perspective

Sujatha S ¹ Sindhura Kopparthi Amrutha Valli ¹ Prasanna S Koti ¹ Shridhar Hiremath ² Mantesh Muttappagol ¹ Vinay Kumar H. D ¹ K S Shankarappa ³ V Venkataravanappa ⁴ M Srinivas Reddy ^1* C N Lakshminarayana Reddy ^1*

• ¹ University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Bangalore, India
• ² North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR), Jorhāt, India
• ³ University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, India
• ⁴ Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is responsible for transmitting over 120 plant viruses, including those from the Begomovirus genus, which contribute to considerable crop losses. The species complex comprises cryptic speciesbiotypes, associated with a diverse array of bacterial endosymbionts. These endosymbionts are classified into primary and secondary categories, with primary endosymbionts forming obligatory, long-term associations, and secondary endosymbionts influencing factors such as biotype differentiation and vector competency. Notably, these microbial communities enhance B. tabaci's capacity to transmit viruses, including the tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCuV), which poses a significant threat to tomato production.In this study, we examined the population dynamics of B. tabaci across three major tomato-growing regions in Karnataka, focusing on their seasonal associations with endosymbionts and the incidence of Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCuD). Multiple regression analysis assessed influence of weather parameters on whitefly populations and disease prevalence. Additionally, we constructed a metagenomic profile to evaluate the effects of geographical location, seasonality, environmental factors, and agricultural practices on the bacterial communities associated with B. tabaci. Meteorological data revealed a positive correlation between temperature and B. tabaci populations and ToLCuD. Genetic characterization of the whitefly identified Asia II-5 and Asia II-7 cryptic species as the dominant forms in the surveyed regions, with Portiera emerging as the most prevalent endosymbiont. A more in-depth analysis utilizing 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing, revealed a dominance of the Proteobacteria phylum. Edosymbiotic bacterial consortium was primarily composed of Candidatus Portiera, Candidatus Hamiltonella, Candidatus Rickettsia, and Candidatus Arsenophonus. Discussion: The metagenomic analysis revealed a highly diverse array of bacterial communities, with 92% of sequences classified under Proteobacteria, representing a spectrum of microbial types associated with B. tabaci ranging from parasitic and pathogenic to mutualistic. Within this phylum, Alphaproteobacteria were predominant, known for their role as facultative symbionts, while Gammaproteobacteria provided essential nutrients to arthropods, enhancing their survival and fitness. The interplay of continuous and intensive tomato cultivation, elevated temperatures, favourable host plants, and abundant viral inoculum creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of B. tabaci and the widespread transmission of ToLCuD. These findings underscore the urgent need formanagement strategies globally to control both whitefly populations and ToLCuD.