Mehmet Demirci ^1* Cankut Cubuk ² Ferhat Dasdemir ³ Suat Saribas ³ Esra Billur Balcıoglu ⁴ Dogukan Ozbey ³ Dogu Yorulmaz ³ Tugba Olmez-Hanci ⁵ Safak Basa ⁵ Bekir Kocazeybek ³

• ¹ Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Türkiye
• ² Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
• ³ Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
• ⁴ Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
• ⁵ Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, Istanbul, Türkiye

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and drinking-water treatment plants (DWTPs) are critical for public health due to the potential risks posed by microorganisms that may persist after treatment. The aim of this study was to detect the microbiome profiles of waters from both DWTPs and WWTPs under ISKI, identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles in all these facilities, and observe the differences in the microbiome between the inlet and outlet of different WWTPs. A total of 52 samples were examined, comprising 18 samples from DWTPs and 34 samples from WWTPs. After DNA isolation, sequencing on a NovaSeq 6000. The microbiome analysis identified 71 phyla, 113 classes, 217 orders, 480 families, and 1282 genera across all samples. There were unclassified microbes (53.14% vs. 58.75%), Eukaryota (3.64% vs. 3.5%), Archaea (0.08% vs. 0.03%), bacteria (42% vs. 36.25%), and viruses (0.02% vs. 0.04%) in the raw water and ozonation unit outlet of DWTPs. The inlet and outlet of WWTPs showed unclassified microbes (52.68% vs. 59.62%), Eukaryota (0.6% vs. 1.72%), Archaea (0.26% vs. 0.15%), bacteria (46.43% vs. 38.43%), and viruses (0.05% vs. 0.04%). No statistically significant results were found in the analysis of raw waters collected from DWTPs and samples taken from the ozonation unit outlet-from the phylum level to the genus level (p > 0.05). The inlet and outlet points of WWTPs showed no statistically significant results from the phylum to species levels (p > 0.05). The most detected genera were Desulfobacter (4.82%) in preliminary WWTPs, Thauera (1.93%) in biological WWTPs, Pseudomonas (1.44%) in advanced biological WWTPs, Acidovorax (1.85%) in biological package WWTPs, and Pseudomonas (11.55%) in plant-based WWTPs. No antimicrobial resistance gene markers were detected in water samples from raw water inlets and ozonation unit outlets from DWTPs, membrane wastewater recovery plants, or ultraviolet (UV) recycling facilities. The ANT(3''), Erm, and Sul resistance gene markers were detected in all raw WWTPs samples. There were no significant microbial risk differentiation between biological WWTPs and advanced biological WWTPs. The data could serve as preliminary information for future research. More extensive studies are needed, with multiple sample tracking in these facilities and their feeding basins.