Topological data analysis captures Horizontal Gene Transfer in Antimicrobial Resistance gene families among clinically relevant bacteria

Shaday Guerrero-Flores ¹ Haydeé Contreras-Peruyero ¹ Jose Ibarra ² Jose Abel Lovaco-Flores ³ Francisco Nieto ¹ Fernando Fontove-Herrera ² Nelly Selem-Mojica ^1*

• ¹ Center of Mathematical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
• ² C3-Idea, Guanajuato, Mexico
• ³ Unidad Irapuato (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

Antibiotic resistance, projected to cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050, remains a critical health threat. Hospitals drive multidrug resistance via horizontal gene transfer. The Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis 2023 challenge presents resistance markers from 146 Johns Hopkins bacterial isolates, aiming to analyze resistomes without metadata or genomic sequences. Persistent homology, a topological data analysis method, effectively captures processes beyond vertical inheritance. A 1-hole is a topological feature representing a loop or gap in data, where relationships form a circular structure rather than a linear one. Unlike vertical inheritance, which lacks topological 1-holes, horizontal gene transfer generates distinct patterns.Since antimicrobial resistance genes often spread via horizontal gene transfer, we simulated vertical and horizontal inheritance in bacterial resistomes. The number of 1-holes from simulations and a documented horizontal gene transfer case were analyzed using persistence barcodes. In a simulated population of binary sequences, we observed that, on average, two 1-holes form for every group of three genomes undergoing horizontal gene transfer. Using a presence-absence gene table, we confirmed 1-holes in a documented case of horizontal gene transfer between two bacterial genera in a Pittsburgh hospital. Notably, the Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis resistomes of Klebsiella and Escherichia exhibit 1-holes, while Enterobacter shows none.Lastly, we provide a mathematical example of a non-tree-like space with no 1-holes. Persistent homology provides a framework for uncovering complex clinical patterns, offering an alternative to understanding resistance mobility using presence-absence data, which could be obtained through methods beyond genomic sequencing. GitHub: github.com/shadayguerrero/TDA Horizontal Genes Transfer .