Shekhar Jain ^1* Anukool Vaishnav ² Devendra K. Choudhary ³

• ¹ Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India
• ² Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
• ³ Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

As the global climate crisis accelerates, it becomes increasingly clear that the future of our planet's ecosystems hinges on understanding complex biological interactions (Fletcher et al. 2024). The plant holobiont, comprising the host plant and its associated microbial communities, is crucial for plant health, growth, and resilience. However, climate change is disrupting this delicate relationship, influencing temperature, precipitation patterns, and the occurrence of extreme weather events (Noman et al., 2021). These environmental shifts can disturb plant-microbe interactions, leading to both biotic and abiotic stress, reduced agricultural productivity, and biodiversity loss. Climate-induced changes in soil moisture and nutrient availability can also alter the composition and functioning of the plant microbiome, often diminishing the plant's capacity to withstand stressors like drought, diseases, and pests (Vaishnav et al., 2023).Mitigation strategies that focus on the plant holobiont are vital for addressing climate change challenges and promoting sustainability. Key measures include utilizing beneficial microbes like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi to enhance plant stress tolerance (Jain et al., 2018). Sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced chemical inputs further support healthy plant-microbe relationships by preserving soil biodiversity (Choudhary et al., 2016). Innovations in microbial inoculants, precision agriculture, and genetic engineering also offer promising avenues for optimizing holobiont resilience under climate stress, ensuring both agricultural and ecosystem sustainability (Marco et al., 2022).The first volume of Climate Impact on Plant Holobiont presented 16 papers, including reviews and original research (Choudhary et al., 2023). The second volume, Climate Impact on Plant Holobiont: Mitigation Strategies and Sustainability, continues this crucial discussion. It explores plant-microbe relationships under climate stress and provides actionable strategies for promoting sustainability in agriculture and ecosystems. Comprising six research articles, this volume delves into the inter-relationship between plants, microbes, and climate change, offering insights for developing mitigation strategies. Greenhouse gas emissions, particularly nitrous oxide (N2O), are significant drivers of global climate change. Nitrogen, a key element for all living organisms, plays a vital role in plant nutrition by enhancing crop biomass and grain yields (Jain et al., 2021). However, nitrogen fertilizers also alter soil microbial communities, particularly denitrifying bacteria, which can increase N2O emissions, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and ozone depletion. A Genome sequencing of pathogens is crucial for understanding pathogenicity genes and host-61 pathogen interactions (Gurjar et al., 2022). In a study on the whole genome sequencing of Tilletia 62 caries, the pathogen responsible for common bunt in wheat, 10,255 protein-coding genes were 63 identified. Annotation through the Pathogen-Host Interactions (PHI) database revealed that 48% 64 of these genes were linked to reduced virulence, 32% to unaffected pathogenicity, 9% to loss of 65 pathogenicity, 8% to lethality, and 3% to increased virulence. This research provides valuable 66 insights into infection-related genes, contributing to future strategies for combating common bunt 67 disease (Gurjar et al.). Biocontrol of plant pathogens is a promising alternative to antimicrobial chemicals, promoting 78 sustainable agriculture (Jain et al., 2018). In a study on controlling Ustilaginoidea virens, the soil-