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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Virology
Volume 15 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1459917
Genomic surveillance reveals low-level circulation of two subtypes of genogroup C coxsackievirus A10 in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, 2015-2023
Provisionally accepted- 1 Nanchang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- 2 Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- 3 Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- 4 Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
In recent years, coxsackievirus (CV) A10 has been associated with increasing sporadic hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases and outbreaks globally. In addition to mild symptoms such as pharyngitis and herpangina, CVA10-related complications or even fatality can occur. Currently, systematic phylogenetic studies of CVA10 are limited. In this study, we first explored the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of CVA10 in Nanchang, an inland southeastern city of China, based on the HFMD surveillance network from 2015-2023. Among 3429 enterovirus-positive cases, 110 (3.04%) were associated with CVA10, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.62. The median age of the CVA10 patients was 2.3 years (interquartile range, IQR 1.0-4.0), with 94.55% (104/110) of the patients aged less than 5 years. Phylogenetic analyses using the full-length VP1, 5'UTR, P1, P2, P3 sequences and near full-length genomes indicated that CVA10 strains (n=57) isolated in Nanchang belonged to genogroup C; two strains identified in 2017 belonged to C1 subtypes clustered with strains from Vietnam, Madagascar, France and Spain; and the others belonged to C2 subtypes interdigitating with CVA10 isolates from mainland China, the United States and Australia. Through extensive analysis, we identified a rare F168Y mutation in epitope 4 of VP1 in a Madagascar strain of genogroup F and a Chinese strain of genogroup C. Based on Bayesian evolutionary analyses, the average nucleotide substitution rate for the VP1 gene of CV10 strains was 3.07×10 -3 substitutions/site/year. The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of genogroup C was dated 1990.84, and the tMRCA of CVA10 strains from Nanchang was dated approximately 2003.16, similar to strains circulating in other regions of China, suggesting that the viruses were likely introduced and cryptically circulated in China before the establishment of the HFMD surveillance network. Recombination analysis indicated intertypic recombination of the Nanchang strain with the genogroup G strain in the 3D region. Given the shifting dominance of viral genotypes and frequent recombination events, the existing surveillance system needs to be regulated to enhance genomic surveillance efforts on a more diverse spectrum of genotypes in the future.
Keywords: coxsackievirus A10, Epidemiology, Genome, phylogeny, evolutionary dynamics
Received: 05 Jul 2024; Accepted: 02 Sep 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 He, Zhu, Wu, Yi, Lin, Wen, Zhu, Tu, Qian, Li, Ma, Li, Wang and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Chunlong Zhu, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Xuan Wu, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
Liu Yi, Nanchang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi Province, China
Ziqi Lin, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
Weijie Wen, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
Chunhui Zhu, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Junling Tu, Nanchang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi Province, China
Ke Qian, Nanchang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi Province, China
Qingxiang Li, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Hui Li, Nanchang Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, Jiangxi Province, China
Fang Wang, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
Xianfeng Zhou, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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