AUTHOR=Dingiswayo Likhona , Adelabu Olusesan Adeyemi , Arko-Cobbah Emmanuel , Pohl Carolina , Mokoena Nthabiseng Zelda , Du Plessis Morne , Musoke Jolly 

TITLE=Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in a South African tertiary hospital—Clinical profile, genetic determinants, and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385724

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385724

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>A distinct strain of <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (<italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>) referred to as hypervirulent (hvKp) is associated with invasive infections such as pyogenic liver abscess in young and healthy individuals. In South Africa, limited information about the prevalence and virulence of this hvKp strain is available. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hvKp and virulence-associated factors in <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> isolates from one of the largest tertiary hospitals in a South African province.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 74 <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic> isolates were received from Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Bloemfontein. Virulence-associated genes (<italic>rmpA</italic>, capsule serotype K1/K2, <italic>iroB</italic> and <italic>irp2</italic>) were screened using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The <italic>iutA</italic> (aerobactin transporter) gene was used as a primary biomarker of hvKp. The extracted DNAs were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing pipeline and the curated sequences were used for phylogeny analyses using appropriate bioinformatic tools. The virulence of hvKp vs. classical <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (cKp) was investigated using the <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> nematode model.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Nine (12.2%) isolates were identified as hvKp. Moreover, hvKp was significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) more virulent <italic>in vivo</italic> in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> relative to cKp. The virulence-associated genes [<italic>rmpA, iroB</italic>, hypermucoviscous phenotype <italic>(hmv)</italic> phenotype and capsule K1/K2] were significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) associated with hvKp. A homology search of the curated sequences revealed a high percentage of identity between 99.8 and 100% with other homologous <italic>iutA</italic> gene sequences of other hvKp in the GenBank.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Findings from this study confirm the presence of hvKp in a large tertiary hospital in central South Africa. However, the low prevalence and mild to moderate clinical presentation of infected patients suggest a marginal threat to public health. Further studies in different settings are required to establish the true potential impact of hvKp in developing countries.</p></sec>