AUTHOR=Wybraniec Caroline , Cournoyer Benoit , Moussard Cécile , Beaupère Marion , Lusurier Léa , Leriche Françoise , Fayolle Karine , Sertillanges Nicolas , Haudin Claire-Sophie , Houot Sabine , Patureau Dominique , Gagne Geneviève , Galia Wessam 

TITLE=Occurrence of 40 sanitary indicators in French digestates derived from different anaerobic digestion processes and raw organic wastes from agricultural and urban origin

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346715

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346715

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>This study investigated the sanitary quality of digestates resulting from the mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of urban and agricultural organic wastes (OWs). 40 sanitary indicators, including pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factor genes, and mobile genetic elements were evaluated using real-time PCR and/or droplet digital PCR. 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 13 pharmaceutical products (PHPs) were also measured. We assessed agricultural OWs from three treatment plants to study the effect of different AD processes (feeding mode, number of stages, pH), and used three laboratory-scale reactors to study the effect of different feed-supplies (inputs). The lab-scale reactors included: Lab1 fed with 97% activated sludge (urban waste) and 3% cow manure; Lab2 fed with 85% sludge-manure mixture supplemented with 15% wheat straw (WS); and Lab3 fed with 81% sludge-manure mixture, 15% WS, and 4% zeolite powder. Activated sludge favored the survival of the food-borne pathogens <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic> and <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic>, carrying the toxin-encoding genes <italic>cpe</italic> and <italic>ces, respectively.</italic> Globally, the reactors fed with fecal matter supplemented with straw (Lab2) or with straw and zeolite (Lab3) had a higher hygienization efficiency than the reactor fed uniquely with fecal matter (Lab1). Three pathogenic bacteria (<italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>, <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic>, and <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> complex), a beta-lactam resistance gene (<italic>bla</italic><sub>TEM</sub>), and three mobile genetic elements (<italic>intI1</italic>, <italic>intI2</italic>, and IS<italic>26</italic>) were significantly decreased in Lab2 and Lab3. Moreover, the concentrations of 11 PAHs and 11 PHPs were significantly lower in Lab2 and Lab3 samples than in Lab1 samples. The high concentrations of micropollutants, such as triclosan, found in Lab1, could explain the lower hygienization efficiency of this reactor. Furthermore, the batch-fed reactor had a more efficient hygienization effect than the semi-continuous reactors, with complete removal of the <italic>ybtA</italic> gene, which is involved in the production of the siderophore yersiniabactin, and significant reduction of <italic>intI2</italic> and <italic>tetO</italic>. These data suggest that it is essential to control the level of chemical pollutants in raw OWs to optimize the sanitary quality of digestates, and that adding co-substrate, such as WS, may overcome the harmful effect of pollutants.</p>