AUTHOR=Dewi Grace , Manjankattil Shijinaraj , Peichel Claire , Johnson Timothy J. , Noll Sally , Cardona Carol , Kollanoor Johny Anup 

TITLE=Combination of autochthonous Lactobacillus strains and trans-Cinnamaldehyde in water reduces Salmonella Heidelberg in turkey poults

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=15

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1337428

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2024.1337428

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Reducing the colonization of <italic>Salmonella</italic> in turkeys is critical to mitigating the risk of its contamination at later stages of production. Given the increased susceptibility of newly hatched poults to <italic>Salmonella</italic> colonization, it is crucial to implement interventions that target potential transmission routes, including drinking water. As no individual intervention explored to date is known to eliminate <italic>Salmonella</italic>, the United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) recommends employing multiple hurdles to achieve a more meaningful reduction and minimize the potential emergence of resistance. Probiotics and plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) have demonstrated efficacy as interventions against <italic>Salmonella</italic> in poultry. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the use of turkey-derived <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> probiotics (LB; a mixture of <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius</italic> UMNPBX2 and <italic>L. ingluviei</italic> UMNPBX19 isolated from turkey ileum) and a PDA, <italic>trans-</italic>cinnamaldehyde (TC), alone and in combination (CO), against <italic>S.</italic> Heidelberg in turkey drinking water and poults. The presence of 5% nutrient broth or cecal contents as contaminants in water resulted in <italic>S.</italic> Heidelberg growth. TC eliminated <italic>S.</italic> Heidelberg, regardless of the contaminants present. In contrast, the cecal contents led to increased survival of <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> in the CO group. Unlike TC, LB was most effective against <italic>S</italic>. Heidelberg when the nutrient broth was present, suggesting the role of secondary metabolites in its mechanism of action. In the experiments with poults, individual TC and LB supplementation reduced cecal <italic>S</italic>. Heidelberg in challenged poults by 1.2- and 1.7-log<sub>10</sub> colony-forming units (CFU)/g cecal contents, respectively. Their combination yielded an additive effect, reducing <italic>S</italic>. Heidelberg by 2.7 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g of cecal contents compared to the control (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05). However, the impact of TC and LB on the translocation of <italic>S</italic>. Heidelberg to the liver was more significant than CO. TC and LB are effective preharvest interventions against <italic>S</italic>. Heidelberg in poultry production. Nonetheless, further investigations are needed to determine the optimum application method and its efficacy in adult turkeys.</p>