AUTHOR=Le Tu N. , Tran Ngan T. H. , Pham Vy N. T. , Van-Thi Ngoc-Dung , Tran Hanh T. M. 

TITLE=Anti-ultraviolet, antibacterial, and biofilm eradication activities against Cutibacterium acnes of melanins and melanin derivatives from Daedaleopsis tricolor and Fomes fomentarius

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1305778

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1305778

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Fomes fomentarius</italic> and <italic>Daedaleopsis tricolor</italic> produced significant amounts of water-insoluble melanins, and our previous study successfully enhanced their water solubility by arginine modification. This research aimed to investigate the anti-ultraviolet, antibacterial, and biofilm eradication activities of both the melanins and arginine-modified melanin (melanin derivatives) from these two fungi against an acne-causing bacterium (<italic>Cutibacterium acnes</italic>). Apart from these, the cytotoxicity of the melanins and melanin derivatives on human skin cells was also evaluated. Melanin derivatives of both two fungi showed significantly higher antibacterial and biofilm eradication activities compared with their original forms. Specifically, the MIC<sub>50</sub> values of the melanin derivatives (1,000 μg/mL) are the same as those of erythromycin. Regarding biofilm eradication capacity, the MBEC<sub>50</sub> value of <italic>D. tricolor</italic> melanin derivative (250 μg/mL) was just half of both erythromycin and <italic>F. fomentarius</italic> melanin derivative. However, it required a 2-fold higher concentration of melanin derivatives than erythromycin to inhibit 90% of the bacterial population and eradicate 90% of their biofilm. Regarding anti-ultraviolet activity, blending melanins or melanin derivatives with a moisturizer/sunscreen enhanced their UV light absorption and the sun protection factor (SPF) values. In addition, melanins showed better effects than their derivatives, and those of <italic>D. tricolor</italic> were better than <italic>F. fomentarius</italic>. Remarkably, adding <italic>D. tricolor</italic> melanin (10%) to a Nivea pure cream could turn this cream into a broad-spectrum sunscreen, with its SPF value and critical wavelength increasing from 7.74 and 338.67 to 14.02 and 377.0, respectively. In addition, adding melanin or a melanin derivative of <italic>D. tricolor</italic> to an Olay sunscreen enhanced the SPF and the critical wavelength of the sunscreen from 17.25 and 371.67 to 23.82 and 374 and 23.38 and 372, respectively. Notably, melanins and melanin derivatives showed no toxicity in human fibroblasts. The obtained data suggest that arginine modification significantly enhanced the antibacterial and biofilm eradication activities of melanins from <italic>D. tricolor</italic> and <italic>F. fomentarius</italic>. However, this is not the case when it comes to their anti-ultraviolet activities. In addition, melanin and melanin derivatives from <italic>D. tricolor</italic> are potential candidates for anti-acne sunscreen products and are worth further investigation.</p>