AUTHOR=Yadav Ramesh Chandra , Sharma Sushil K. , Varma Ajit , Singh Udai B. , Kumar Adarsh , Bhupenchandra Ingudam , Rai Jai P. , Sharma Pawan K. , Singh Harsh V. 

TITLE=Zinc-solubilizing Bacillus spp. in conjunction with chemical fertilizers enhance growth, yield, nutrient content, and zinc biofortification in wheat crop

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1210938

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1210938

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Micronutrient deficiency is a serious health issue in resource-poor human populations worldwide, which is responsible for the death of millions of women and underage children in most developing countries. Zinc (Zn) malnutrition in middle- and lower-class families is rampant when daily calorie intake of staple cereals contains extremely low concentrations of micronutrients, especially Zn and Fe. Looking at the importance of the problem, the present investigation aimed to enhance the growth, yield, nutrient status, and biofortification of wheat crop by inoculation of native zinc-solubilizing <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. in conjunction with soil-applied fertilizers (NPK) and zinc phosphate in saline soil. In this study, 175 bacterial isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the eastern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. These isolates were further screened for Zn solubilization potential using sparingly insoluble zinc carbonate (ZnCO<sub>3</sub>), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc phosphate {Zn<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>} as a source of Zn under <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions. Of 175 bacterial isolates, 42 were found to solubilize either one or two or all the three insoluble Zn compounds, and subsequently, these isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Based on zone halo diameter, solubilization efficiency, and amount of solubilized zinc, six potential bacterial strains, i.e., <italic>Bacillus altitudinis</italic> AJW-3, <italic>B. subtilis</italic> ABW-30, <italic>B. megaterium</italic> CHW-22, <italic>B. licheniformis</italic> MJW-38, <italic>Brevibacillus borstelensis</italic> CHW-2, and <italic>B. xiamenensis</italic> BLW-7, were further shortlisted for pot- and field-level evaluation in wheat crop. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that these inoculants not only increase plant growth but also enhance the yield and yield attributes. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation also enhanced available nutrients and microbial activity in the wheat rhizosphere under pot experiments. It was observed that the application of <italic>B. megaterium</italic> CHW-22 significantly increased the Zn content in wheat straw and grains along with other nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Mn) followed by <italic>B. licheniformis</italic> MJW-38 as compared to other inoculants. By and large, similar observations were recorded under field conditions. Interestingly, when comparing the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of wheat, bacterial inoculants showed their potential in enhancing the NUE in a greater way, which was further confirmed by correlation and principal component analyses. This study apparently provides evidence of Zn biofortification in wheat upon bacterial inoculation in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and zinc phosphate in degraded soil under both nethouse and field conditions.</p>