AUTHOR=Douanla-Meli Clovis , Moll Julia 

TITLE=Bark-inhabiting fungal communities of European chestnut undergo substantial alteration by canker formation following chestnut blight infection

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1052031

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1052031

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Chestnut forests are severely threatened by chestnut blight caused by the fungal pathogen <italic>Cryphonectria parasitica</italic> and the infected trees exhibit bark canker in the later stage of the disease. European chestnut (<italic>Castanea sativa</italic>) is further infected by <italic>Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi</italic>, another canker-causing fungal pathogen. We explored whether and how chestnut blight is reflected in bark-inhabiting fungal communities of European chestnut and also assessed the co-occurrence of <italic>C. parasitica</italic> and <italic>G. smithogilvyi</italic>.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>We initially investigated the fungal communities of European chestnut bark tissues and further monitored changes in these fungal communities with regard to disease progression from infection to canker formation by analyzing bark samples from asymptomatic trees, asymptomatic trees with latent <italic>C. parasitica infection</italic>, and infected trees with canker tissues, using amplicon sequencing of the ITS2 region of rDNA.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results showed that fungal community composition and diversity differed between the sample types. The fungal community composition was substantially reshaped by canker formation, whereas latent <italic>C. parasitica infection</italic> and more specifically pre-canker infection period per se had a weak effect. Fungal communities of canker samples was less diverse and more dissimilar to those of other sample types. <italic>C. parasitica</italic> dominated the mycobiome of canker samples, whereas <italic>G. smithogilvyi</italic> was found in only 9% of canker samples at very low abundances. However, <italic>G. smithogilvyi</italic> was a dominant fungus in the bark of healthy plants.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study highlights that canker formation is the principal driver of decreasing diversity and altered composition of the mycobiome in bark tissues of European chestnut infected by <italic>C. parasitica</italic> infection. It additionally emphasizes the scarce co-occurrence of <italic>C. parasitica</italic> and <italic>G. smithogilvyi</italic> on European chestnut.</p></sec>