AUTHOR=He Junjian , Liu Yunyi , Ouyang Qin , Li Rongxing , Li Jie , Chen Weiyan , Hu Weichao , He Lijiao , Bao Qiyu , Li Ping , Hu Changjiang 

TITLE=Helicobacter pylori and unignorable extragastric diseases: Mechanism and implications

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.972777

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2022.972777

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Considered as the most popular pathogen worldwide, <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> is intensively associated with diverse gastric diseases, including gastric ulcers, chronic progressive gastritis, and gastric cancer. Aside from its pathogenic effect on gastric diseases, growing evidences reveal that <italic>H. pylori</italic> may be related to numerous extragastric diseases. In this article, we reviewed recent studies and systematically elucidated that <italic>H. pylori</italic> may interfere with many biological processes outside the stomach and influence the occurrence of various extragastric diseases. Many epidemiological studies have indicated that <italic>H. pylori</italic> plays a pathogenic role in COVID-19, atherosclerosis, hyperemesis gravidarum and several other extragastric diseases, while the effect of <italic>H. pylori</italic> is currently under investigation in gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, we also summarized the possible pathogenic mechanisms of <italic>H. pylori</italic> that may be related to chronic systemic inflammation and molecular mimicker. Taken together, this review provides a new perspective on the role of <italic>H. pylori</italic> in extragastric diseases and explores the possible mechanisms, which may help guide clinical treatment.</p>