AUTHOR=Milner Erin , Stevens Benjamin , An Martino , Lam Victoria , Ainsworth Michael , Dihle Preston , Stearns Jocelyn , Dombrowski Andrew , Rego Daniel , Segars Katharine 

TITLE=Utilizing Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.689958

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2021.689958

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Probiotics are heavily advertised to promote a healthy gastrointestinal tract and boost the immune system. This review article summarizes the history and diversity of probiotics, outlines conventional <italic>in vitro</italic> assays and <italic>in vivo</italic> models, assesses the pharmacologic effects of probiotic and pharmaceutical co-administration, and the broad impact of clinical probiotic utilization for gastrointestinal disease indications.</p>