AUTHOR=Amanullah Sardar Muhammad , Kim Dong Hyeon , Paradhipta Dimas Hand Vidya , Lee Hyuk Jun , Joo Young Hoo , Lee Seong Shin , Kim Eun Tae , Kim Sam Churl 

TITLE=Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation on in vitro Fermentation Indices, Greenhouse Gas, Microbes, and Fatty Acid Profiles in the Rumen

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.637220

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2021.637220

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>This study estimated the effect of essential fatty acid (FA) supplementation on fermentation indices, greenhouse gases, microbes, and FA profiles in the rumen. The treatments used pure FAs consisting of C18:2n-6 FA (LA), C18:3n-3 FA (LNA), or a mixture of these FAs at 1:1 ratio (Combo). <italic>In vitro</italic> rumen incubation was performed in 50 mL glass serum bottles containing 2 mg of pure FAs, 15 mL of rumen buffer (rumen fluid+anaerobe culture medium = 1:2), and 150 mg of synthetic diet (411 g cellulose, 411 g starch, and 178 g casein/kg dry matter) at 39°C for 8 h with five replications and three blanks. In rumen fermentation indices, LA exhibited highest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) ammonia-N and total gas volume after 8 h of incubation. Furthermore, LA presented lower (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) pH with higher (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (<italic>P</italic> = 0.034) than Combo, while LNA was not different compared with those in the other treatments. Additionally, Combo produced highest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) CO<sub>2</sub> with lowest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) CH<sub>4</sub>. In the early hours of incubation, LA improved (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.005) <italic>Fibrobacter succinogenes</italic> and <italic>Ruminococcus flavefaciens</italic>, while LNA improved (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.005) <italic>Ruminococcus albus</italic>. After 8 h of incubation, LNA had lower (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) methanogenic archaea than LA and Combo but had higher (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) rumen ciliates than LA. <italic>R. albus</italic> was higher (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) in LA than in LNA and Combo. It was observed that the rate of biohydrogenation of n-6 and n-3 FAs was comparatively lowest (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) in Combo, characterized by higher C18:2n-6 and/or C18:3n-3 FA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations with lower (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) concentrations of C18:0 and saturated FA and the ratio of saturated FAs to PUFAs. Therefore, this study concluded that dietary C18:2n-6 could improve populations of fibrolytic bacteria and rumen fermentation indices, but dietary mixture of pure C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 is recommended because it is effective in reducing enteric methane emissions and resisting biohydrogenation in the rumen with less effect on rumen microbes.</p>