AUTHOR=Lee Sunmin , Reddy Chagam Koteswara , Ryu Jeoung Jin , Kyung Seoyeon , Lim Yonghwan , Park Myeong Sam , Kang Seunghyun , Lee Choong Hwan 

TITLE=Solid-State Fermentation With Aspergillus cristatus Enhances the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Associated Skin Anti-aging Activity of Panax notoginseng

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.602135

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2021.602135

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>A metabolomics approach was used to profile metabolites of <italic>Panax notoginseng</italic> fermented with <italic>Aspergillus cristatus</italic> in two ways, liquid-state fermentation (LF-P) and solid-state fermentation (SSF-P) and examine metabolite markers representing antioxidant activity and skin anti-aging. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) contents were higher in SSF-P than in LF-P and showed a multiplicative increase over the fermentation period of four days. PPD and PPT levels also correlated with antioxidant and anti-aging effects in skin, based on the mRNA expression of dermal extracellular matrix components. In the bioactivity validation assays, PPD and PPT significantly improved the expression of type-I collagen, fibrillin-1, and elastin in human dermal fibroblasts from both young and old subjects; these were comparable with the effects of the SSF-P extracts. Overall, our results suggest that changes in the metabolites of <italic>P. notoginseng</italic> fermented with <italic>A. cristatus</italic> enhance the quality and availability of bioactive compounds associated with skin anti-aging.</p>