AUTHOR=Wang Chong , Xu Jiqian , Wang Shaoyuan , Pan Shangwen , Zhang Jiancheng , Han Yang , Huang Muhan , Wu Di , Yang Qingyu , Yang Xiaobo , Yang Yang , Shu Ting , Zou Xiaojing , Li Ruiting , Luo Yufeng , Yao Runqing , Wang Yaxin , Qiu Yang , Wang Yu , Zhang Ding-Yu , Yao Qun , Yan Yongpan , Zhou Xi , Shang You TITLE=Imaging Mass Cytometric Analysis of Postmortem Tissues Reveals Dysregulated Immune Cell and Cytokine Responses in Multiple Organs of COVID-19 Patients JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology VOLUME=11 YEAR=2020 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.600989 DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2020.600989 ISSN=1664-302X ABSTRACT=

SARS-coronavirus-2–induced immune dysregulation and inflammatory responses are involved in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, very little is known about immune cell and cytokine alterations in specific organs of COVID-19 patients. Here, we evaluated immune cells and cytokines in postmortem tissues, i.e., lungs, intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen of three patients with COVID-19. Imaging mass cytometry revealed monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell (DC) infiltration in the lung, intestine, kidney, and liver tissues. Moreover, in patients with COVID-19, natural killer T cells infiltrated the liver, lungs, and intestine, whereas B cells infiltrated the kidneys, lungs, and intestine. CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ DCs also infiltrated the lungs and intestine, a phenomenon that was accompanied by overproduction of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. However, CD11b+ macrophages and CD11c+ DCs in the lungs or intestine of COVID-19 patients did not express human leukocyte antigen DR isotype. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression was higher in the lungs, intestine, liver, and kidneys, but not in the spleen, of all COVID-19 patients (compared to levels in controls). Collectively, these findings suggested that IL-10 and TNF-α as immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory agents, respectively,—might be prognostic and could serve as therapeutic targets for COVID-19.