AUTHOR=Simbaqueba Jaime , Rodríguez Edwin A. , Burbano-David Diana , González Carolina , Caro-Quintero Alejandro 

TITLE=Putative Novel Effector Genes Revealed by the Genomic Analysis of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph) That Infects Cape Gooseberry Plants

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.593915

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2020.593915

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>The vascular wilt disease caused by the fungus <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>physali</italic> (<italic>Foph</italic>) is one of the most limiting factors for the production and export of cape gooseberry (<italic>Physalis peruviana</italic>) in Colombia. A transcriptomic analysis of a highly virulent strain of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> in cape gooseberry plants, revealed the presence of secreted in the xylem (SIX) effector genes, known to be involved in the pathogenicity of other <italic>formae speciales</italic> (ff. spp.) of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. This pathogenic strain was classified as a new f. sp. named <italic>Foph</italic>, due to its specificity for cape gooseberry hosts. Here, we sequenced and assembled the genome of five strains of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> from a fungal collection associated to the cape gooseberry crop (including <italic>Foph</italic>), focusing on the validation of the presence of SIX homologous and on the identification of putative effectors unique to <italic>Foph</italic>. By comparative and phylogenomic analyses based on single-copy orthologous, we found that <italic>Foph</italic> is closely related to <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> ff. spp., associated with solanaceous hosts. We confirmed the presence of highly identical homologous genomic regions between <italic>Foph</italic> and <italic>Fol</italic> that contain effector genes and identified six new putative effector genes, specific to <italic>Foph</italic> pathogenic strains. We also conducted a molecular characterization using this set of putative novel effectors in a panel of 36 additional stains of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> including two of the four sequenced strains, from the fungal collection mentioned above. These results suggest the polyphyletic origin of <italic>Foph</italic> and the putative independent acquisition of new candidate effectors in different clades of related strains. The novel effector candidates identified in this genomic analysis, represent new sources involved in the interaction between <italic>Foph</italic> and cape gooseberry, that could be implemented to develop appropriate management strategies of the wilt disease caused by <italic>Foph</italic> in the cape gooseberry crop.</p>