AUTHOR=Carpenter Sara C. D. , Mishra Prashant , Ghoshal Chandrika , Dash Prasanta K. , Wang Li , Midha Samriti , Laha Gouri S. , Lore Jagjeet S. , Kositratana Wichai , Singh Nagendra K. , Singh Kuldeep , Patil Prabhu B. , Oliva Ricardo , Patarapuwadol Sujin , Bogdanove Adam J. , Rai Rhitu 

TITLE=An xa5 Resistance Gene-Breaking Indian Strain of the Rice Bacterial Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Is Nearly Identical to a Thai Strain

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.579504

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2020.579504

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>The rice bacterial blight pathogen <italic>Xanthomonas oryzae</italic> pv. oryzae (<italic>Xoo</italic>) constrains production in major rice growing countries of Asia. <italic>Xoo</italic> injects transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind to and activate host “susceptibility” (<italic>S</italic>) genes that are important for disease. The bacterial blight resistance gene <italic>xa</italic>5, which reduces TALE activity generally, has been widely deployed. However, strains defeating <italic>xa</italic>5 have been reported in India and recently also in Thailand. We completely sequenced and compared the genomes of one such strain from each country and examined the encoded TALEs. The two genomes are nearly identical, including the TALE genes, and belong to a previously identified, highly clonal lineage. Each strain harbors a TALE known to activate the major <italic>S</italic> gene <italic>SWEET11</italic> strongly enough to be effective even when diminished by <italic>xa</italic>5. The findings suggest international migration of the <italic>xa5</italic>-compatible pathotype and highlight the utility of whole genome sequencing and TALE analysis for understanding and responding to breakdown of resistance.</p>