AUTHOR=Zhang Xiujuan , Sun Xiaoying , Wu Jiaxin , Wu Yue , Wang Yali , Hu Xiaoqing , Wang Xiaoyuan TITLE=Berberine Damages the Cell Surface of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology VOLUME=11 YEAR=2020 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00621 DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2020.00621 ISSN=1664-302X ABSTRACT=

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is currently regarded as one of the most important drug-resistant pathogens causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Although berberine (BER) has shown anti-MRSA activity, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the damage caused by BER on the cell surface of MRSA was systematically investigated by performing BER susceptibility test, determining K⁺ and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) release, detecting morphological alterations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ascertaining lipid profiles. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER against MRSA252 was 128 μg/ml. Under the sub-MIC doses of BER, cell membrane permeability gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner, and 1 × MIC led to 43.8% higher K⁺ leakage and fourfold higher ALP secretion. The injuries on MRSA cell surface were further verified by SEM and TEM, and some cells displayed a doughnut-shaped structure. BER significantly altered the fatty acid species contents, including saturated fatty acids (C₁₄_:₀, C₁₅_:₀, C₁₆_:₀, C₁₈_:₀, and C₂₀_:₀), and unsaturated fatty acids (C₂₀_:₄, C₂₀_:₁, and C₁₈_:₁), indicating that BER compromised cell membrane integrity via lipid fluctuation. Thus, the findings of this study could help to unravel the molecular mechanism of BER against MRSA.