AUTHOR=Bhatt Pankaj , Huang Yaohua , Zhan Hui , Chen Shaohua 

TITLE=Insight Into Microbial Applications for the Biodegradation of Pyrethroid Insecticides

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01778

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01778

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides and presence of chiral carbon differentiates among various forms of pyrethroids. Microbial approaches have emerged as a popular solution to counter pyrethroid toxicity to marine life and mammals. Bacterial and fungal strains can effectively degrade pyrethroids into non-toxic compounds. Different strains of bacteria and fungi such as <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp., <italic>Raoultella ornithinolytica, Psudomonas flourescens</italic>, <italic>Brevibacterium</italic> sp., <italic>Acinetobactor</italic> sp., <italic>Aspergillus</italic> sp., <italic>Candida</italic> sp., <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., and <italic>Candia</italic> spp., are used for the biodegradation of pyrethroids. Hydrolysis of ester bond by enzyme esterase/carboxyl esterase is the initial step in pyrethroid biodegradation. Esterase is found in bacteria, fungi, insect and mammalian liver microsome cells that indicates its hydrolysis ability in living cells. Biodegradation pattern and detected metabolites reveal microbial consumption of pyrethroids as carbon and nitrogen source. In this review, we aim to explore pyrethroid degrading strains, enzymes and metabolites produced by microbial strains. This review paper covers in-depth knowledge of pyrethroids and recommends possible solutions to minimize their environmental toxicity.</p>