AUTHOR=Ahn Anne-Catherine , Cavalca Lucia , Colombo Milena , Schuurmans J. Merijn , Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Muyzer Gerard 

TITLE=Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Thioalkalivibrio Species Under Arsenite Stress Revealed a Potential Candidate Gene for an Alternative Arsenite Oxidation Pathway

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01514

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01514

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>The genus <italic>Thioalkalivibrio</italic> includes haloalkaliphilic chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria isolated from various soda lakes worldwide. Some of these lakes possess in addition to their extreme haloalkaline environment also other harsh conditions, to which <italic>Thioalkalivibrio</italic> needs to adapt. An example is arsenic in soda lakes in eastern California, which is found there in concentrations up to 3000 μM. Arsenic is a widespread element that can be an environmental issue, as it is highly toxic to most organisms. However, resistance mechanisms in the form of detoxification are widespread and some prokaryotes can even use arsenic as an energy source. We first screened the genomes of 76 <italic>Thioalkalivibrio</italic> strains for the presence of known arsenic oxidoreductases and found 15 putative ArxA (arsenite oxidase) and two putative ArrA (arsenate reductase). Subsequently, we studied the resistance to arsenite in detail in <italic>Thioalkalivibrio jannaschii</italic> ALM2<sup>T</sup>, and <italic>Thioalkalivibrio thiocyanoxidans</italic> ARh2<sup>T</sup> by comparative genomics and by growing them at different arsenite concentrations followed by arsenic species and transcriptomic analysis. <italic>Tv. jannaschii</italic> ALM2<sup>T</sup>, which has been isolated from Mono Lake, an arsenic-rich soda lake, could resist up to 5 mM arsenite, whereas <italic>Tv. thiocyanoxidans</italic> ARh2<sup>T</sup>, which was isolated from a Kenyan soda lake, could only grow up to 0.1 mM arsenite. Interestingly, both species oxidized arsenite to arsenate under aerobic conditions, although <italic>Tv. thiocyanoxidans</italic> ARh2<sup>T</sup> does not contain any known arsenite oxidases, and in <italic>Tv. jannaschii</italic> ALM2<sup>T</sup>, only <italic>arx</italic>B2 was clearly upregulated. However, we found the expression of a SoeABC-like gene, which we assume might have been involved in arsenite oxidation. Other arsenite stress responses for both strains were the upregulation of the vitamin B<sub>12</sub> synthesis pathway, which can be linked to antioxidant activity, and the up- and downregulation of different DsrE/F-like genes whose roles are still unclear. Moreover, <italic>Tv. jannaschii</italic> ALM2<sup>T</sup> induced the <italic>ars</italic> gene operon and the Pst system, and <italic>Tv. thiocanoxidans</italic> ARh2<sup>T</sup> upregulated the <italic>sox</italic> and <italic>apr</italic> genes as well as different heat shock proteins. Our findings for <italic>Thioalkalivibrio</italic> confirm previously observed adaptations to arsenic, but also provide new insights into the arsenic stress response and the connection between the arsenic and the sulfur cycle.</p>