AUTHOR=Durán Roberto E. , Méndez Valentina , Rodríguez-Castro Laura , Barra-Sanhueza Bárbara , Salvà-Serra Francisco , Moore Edward R. B. , Castro-Nallar Eduardo , Seeger Michael 

TITLE=Genomic and Physiological Traits of the Marine Bacterium Alcaligenes aquatilis QD168 Isolated From Quintero Bay, Central Chile, Reveal a Robust Adaptive Response to Environmental Stressors

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00528

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2019.00528

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Alcaligenes aquatilis</italic> QD168 is a marine, aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, isolated from an oil-polluted sediment of Quintero Bay, an industrial-coastal zone that has been chronically impacted by diverse pollutants. The aims of this study were to characterize the phylogenomic positions of <italic>Alcaligenes</italic> spp. and to characterize the genetic determinants and the physiological response of <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 to model environmental stressors (benzene, oxidizing agents, and salt). Phylogenomic analyses, using 35 housekeeping genes, clustered <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 with four other strains of <italic>Alcaligenes</italic> spp. (<italic>A. aquatilis</italic> BU33N, <italic>A. faecalis</italic> JQ135, <italic>A. faecalis</italic> UBA3227, and <italic>A. faecalis</italic> UBA7629). Genomic sequence analyses of <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 with 25 <italic>Alcaligenes</italic> spp., using ANIb, indicated that <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> BU33N is the closest related strain, with 96.8% ANIb similarity. Strain QD168 harbors 95 genes encoding proteins of seven central catabolic pathways, as well as sixteen peripheral catabolic pathways/reactions for aromatic compounds. <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 was able to grow on 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, benzoate, benzene, 3-hydroxycinnamate, cinnamate, anthranilate, benzamide, 4-aminobenzoate, nicotinate, toluene, biphenyl and tryptophan, as sole carbon or nitrogen source. Benzene degradation was further analyzed by growth, metabolite identification and gene expression analyses. Benzene strongly induced the expression of the genes encoding phenol hydroxylase (<italic>dmpP</italic>) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (<italic>catA</italic>). Additionally, 30 genes encoding transcriptional regulators, scavenging enzymes, oxidative damage repair systems and isozymes involved in oxidative stress response were identified. Oxidative stress response of strain QD168 to hydrogen peroxide and paraquat was characterized, demonstrating that <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 is notably more resistant to paraquat than to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Genetic determinants (47 genes) for osmoprotective responses were identified, correlating with observed high halotolerance by strain QD168. The physiological adaptation of <italic>A. aquatilis</italic> QD168 to environmental stressors such as pollutants, oxidative stress and salinity may be exploited for bioremediation of oil-polluted saline sites.</p>