AUTHOR=Orellana Roberto , Macaya Constanza , Bravo Guillermo , Dorochesi Flavia , Cumsille Andrés , Valencia Ricardo , Rojas Claudia , Seeger Michael 

TITLE=Living at the Frontiers of Life: Extremophiles in Chile and Their Potential for Bioremediation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Extremophiles are organisms capable of adjust, survive or thrive in hostile habitats that were previously thought to be adverse or lethal for life. Chile gathers a wide range of extreme environments: salars, geothermal springs, and geysers located at Altiplano and Atacama Desert, salars and cold mountains in Central Chile, and ice fields, cold lakes and fjords, and geothermal sites in Patagonia and Antarctica. The aims of this review are to describe extremophiles that inhabit main extreme biotopes in Chile, and their molecular and physiological capabilities that may be advantageous for bioremediation processes. After briefly describing the main ecological niches of extremophiles along Chilean territory, this review is focused on the microbial diversity and composition of these biotopes microbiomes. Extremophiles have been isolated in diverse zones in Chile that possess extreme conditions such as Altiplano, Atacama Desert, Central Chile, Patagonia, and Antarctica. Interesting extremophiles from Chile with potential biotechnological applications include thermophiles (e.g., <italic>Methanofollis tationis</italic> from Tatio Geyser), acidophiles (e.g., <italic>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum</italic> from Atacama Desert and Central Chile copper ores), halophiles (e.g., <italic>Shewanella</italic> sp. Asc-3 from Altiplano, <italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp. HKF-8 from Patagonia), alkaliphiles (<italic>Exiguobacterium</italic> sp. SH31 from Altiplano), xerotolerant bacteria (<italic>S. atacamensis</italic> from Atacama Desert), UV- and Gamma-resistant bacteria (<italic>Deinococcus peraridilitoris</italic> from Atacama Desert) and psychrophiles (e.g., <italic>Pseudomonas putida</italic> ATH-43 from Antarctica). The molecular and physiological properties of diverse extremophiles from Chile and their application in bioremediation or waste treatments are further discussed. Interestingly, the remarkable adaptative capabilities of extremophiles convert them into an attractive source of catalysts for bioremediation and industrial processes.</p>