AUTHOR=Borghesan Tarcilla C. , Campaner Marta , Matsumoto Tania E. , Espinosa Omar A. , Razafindranaivo Victor , Paiva Fernando , Carranza Julio C. , Añez Nestor , Neves Luis , Teixeira Marta M. G. , Camargo Erney P. 

TITLE=Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Coevolving Symbiont-Harboring Insect Trypanosomatids, and Their Neotropical Dispersal by Invader African Blowflies (Calliphoridae)

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00131

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00131

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>This study is about the inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity of trypanosomatids of the genus <italic>Angomonas</italic>, and their association with Calliphoridae (blowflies) in Neotropical and Afrotropical regions. Microscopic examination of 3,900 flies of various families, mostly Calliphoridae, revealed that 31% of them harbored trypanosomatids. Small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) barcoding showed that <italic>Angomonas</italic> predominated (46%) over the other common trypanosomatids of blowflies of genera <italic>Herpetomonas</italic> and <italic>Wallacemonas</italic>. Among <italic>Angomonas</italic> spp., <italic>A. deanei</italic> was much more common than the two-other species, <italic>A. desouzai</italic> and <italic>A. ambiguus</italic>. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS rDNA) sequences revealed a marked genetic diversity within <italic>A. deanei</italic>, which comprised four infraspecific genotypes (Dea1–Dea4), and four corresponding symbiont genotypes (Kcr1–Kcr4). Host and symbiont phylogenies were highly congruent corroborating their co-divergence, consistent with host-symbiont interdependent metabolism and symbiont reduced genomes shaped by a long coevolutionary history. We compared the diversity of <italic>Angomonas/</italic>symbionts from three genera of blowflies, <italic>Lucilia, Chrysomya</italic> and <italic>Cochliomyia. A. deanei, A. desouzai</italic>, and <italic>A. ambiguus</italic> were found in the three genera of blowflies in South America. In Africa, <italic>A. deanei</italic> and <italic>A. ambiguus</italic> were identified in <italic>Chrysomya</italic>. The absence of <italic>A. desouzai</italic> in Africa and its presence in Neotropical <italic>Cochliomyia</italic> and <italic>Lucilia</italic> suggests parasite spillback of <italic>A. desouzai</italic> into C<italic>hrysomya</italic>, which was most likely introduced four decades ago from Africa into the Neotropic. The absence of correlation between parasite diversity and geographic and genetic distances, with identical genotypes of <italic>A. deanei</italic> found in the Neotropic and Afrotropic, is consistent with disjunct distribution due to the recent human-mediated transoceanic dispersal of <italic>Angomonas</italic> by <italic>Chrysomya.</italic> This study provides the most comprehensive data gathered so far on the genetic repertoires of a genus of trypanosomatids found in flies from a wide geographical range.</p>