AUTHOR=Songwattana Pongpan , Noisangiam Rujirek , Teamtisong Kamonluck , Prakamhang Janpen , Teulet Albin , Tittabutr Panlada , Piromyou Pongdet , Boonkerd Nantakorn , Giraud Eric , Teaumroong Neung 

TITLE=Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) of Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 and Its Roles in Legume Symbiosis and Rice Endophytic Association

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01810

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01810

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>The <italic>Bradyrhizobium</italic> sp. DOA9 strain isolated from a paddy field has the ability to nodulate a wide spectrum of legumes. Unlike other bradyrhizobia, this strain has a symbiotic plasmid harboring <italic>nod</italic>, <italic>nif</italic>, and type 3 secretion system (T3SS) genes. This T3SS cluster contains all the genes necessary for the formation of the secretory apparatus and the transcriptional activator (TtsI), which is preceded by a <italic>nod</italic>-box motif. An <italic>in silico</italic> search predicted 14 effectors putatively translocated by this T3SS machinery. In this study, we explored the role of the T3SS in the symbiotic performance of DOA9 by evaluating the ability of a T3SS mutant (Ω<italic>rhcN</italic>) to nodulate legumes belonging to Dalbergioid, Millettioid, and Genistoid tribes. Among the nine species tested, four (<italic>Arachis hypogea</italic>, <italic>Vigna radiata</italic>, <italic>Crotalaria juncea</italic>, and <italic>Macroptilium atropurpureum</italic>) responded positively to the <italic>rhcN</italic> mutation (ranging from suppression of plant defense reactions, an increase in the number of nodules and a dramatic improvement in nodule development and infection), one (<italic>Stylosanthes hamata</italic>) responded negatively (fewer nodules and less nitrogen fixation) and four species (<italic>Aeschynomene americana</italic>, <italic>Aeschynomene afraspera</italic>, <italic>Indigofera tinctoria</italic>, and <italic>Desmodium tortuosum</italic>) displayed no phenotype. We also tested the role of the T3SS in the ability of the DOA9 strain to endophytically colonize rice roots, but detected no effect of the T3SS mutation, in contrast to what was previously reported in the <italic>Bradyrhizobium</italic> SUTN9-2 strain. Taken together, these data indicate that DOA9 contains a functional T3SS that interferes with the ability of the strain to interact symbiotically with legumes but not with rice.</p>