AUTHOR=Muangpat Paramaporn , Yooyangket Temsiri , Fukruksa Chamaiporn , Suwannaroj Manawat , Yimthin Thatcha , Sitthisak Sutthirat , Chantratita Narisara , Vitta Apichat , Tobias Nicholas J. , Bode Helge B. , Thanwisai Aunchalee 

TITLE=Screening of the Antimicrobial Activity against Drug Resistant Bacteria of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes from Mae Wong National Park, Thailand

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01142

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2017.01142

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Photorhabdus</italic> and <italic>Xenorhabdus</italic> are symbiotic with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the genera <italic>Heterorhabditis</italic> and <italic>Steinernema</italic>, respectively. These bacteria produce several secondary metabolites including antimicrobial compounds. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria from Mae Wong National Park, Thailand and to evaluate the antibacterial activities of symbiont extracts against drug resistant bacteria. A total of 550 soil samples from 110 sites were collected between August 2014 and July 2015. A total of EPN isolates were obtained through baiting and White trap methods, which yielded 21 <italic>Heterorhabditis</italic> and 3 <italic>Steinernema</italic> isolates. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, the most common species found in the present study was <italic>P. luminescens</italic> subsp. <italic>akhurstii</italic> associated with <italic>H. indica</italic>. Notably, two species of EPNs, <italic>H. zealandica</italic> and <italic>S. kushidai</italic>, and two species of symbiotic bacteria, <italic>X. japonica</italic> and <italic>P. temperata</italic> subsp. <italic>temperata</italic> represented new recorded organisms in Thailand. Furthermore, the association between <italic>P. temperata</italic> subsp. <italic>temperata</italic> and <italic>H. zealandica</italic> has not previously been reported worldwide. Disk diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration, and minimal bactericidal concentration analyses demonstrated that the crude compound extracted by ethyl acetate from <italic>P. temperata</italic> subsp. <italic>temperata</italic> could inhibit the growth of up to 10 strains of drug resistant bacteria. Based on HPLC-MS analysis, compound classes in bacterial extracts were identified as GameXPeptide, xenoamicin, xenocoumacin, mevalagmapeptide phurealipids derivatives, and isopropylstilbene. Together, the results of this study provide evidence for the diversity of EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria in Mae Wong National Park, Thailand and demonstrate their novel associations. These findings also provide an important foundation for further research regarding the antimicrobial activity of <italic>Photorhabdus</italic> bacteria.</p>