AUTHOR=Piotrowska Marta , Przygodzińska Dominika , Matyjewicz Klaudia , Popowska Magdalena 

TITLE=Occurrence and Variety of β-Lactamase Genes among Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2017

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00863

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2017.00863

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Members of the genus <italic>Aeromonas</italic> that commonly occur in various aquatic ecosystems are taken into account as vectors spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In our study strains of <italic>Aeromonas</italic> spp. (<italic>n</italic> = 104) not susceptible to ampicillin were isolated from municipal sewage of different levels of purification – raw sewage, activated sludge and treated wastewater. The crucial step of the study was the identification of β-lactamase resistance genes. The identified genes encode β-lactamases from 14 families – <italic>bla</italic><sub>TEM</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>OXA</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>SHV</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>CTX-M</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>MOX</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>ACC</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>GES</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>PER</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>V EB</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>KPC</sub>, <italic>cphA, imiH</italic>, and <italic>cepH</italic>. There were no significant differences in number of identified ARGs between isolation points. <italic>Bla</italic><sub>OXA</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX</sub> variants and, characteristic for <italic>Aeromonas</italic> genus, metallo-β-lactamase <italic>cphA</italic>-related genes were the most commonly identified types of β-lactam resistance determinants. Moreover, we found four extended-spectrum β-lactamases (<italic>bla</italic><sub>SHV -11</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>CTX-M-27</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>CTX-M-98</sub>, and <italic>bla</italic><sub>PER-4</sub>) – and seven AmpC (<italic>bla</italic><sub>ACC</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-2-like</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-3</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-4-like</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-9</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-10-like</sub>, and <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-13-like</sub>) types and variants of genes that had never been found among <italic>Aeromonas</italic> spp. before. Five of the β-lactamases families (<italic>bla</italic><sub>TEM</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>OXA</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX</sub>, <italic>bla</italic><sub>V EB</sub>, and <italic>cphA</italic>) were identified in all three isolation sites, which supports the hypothesis that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are hot spots of ARGs dissemination. The obtained ARGs sequences share high identity with previously described β-lactamases, but new variants of those genes have to be considered as well. Characterization of antibiotic susceptibility was performed using disk the diffusion method with 12 different antibiotics according to CLSI guidelines. Over 60% of the strains are unsusceptible to cefepime and chloramphenicol and the majority of the strains have a multidrug resistance phenotype (68%). Finally, analysis of plasmid profiles among the resistant strains showed that 62% of the isolates from all three points of the WWTP carry plasmids of different sizes. Among some of the isolated plasmids <italic>bla</italic><sub>FOX-4-like</sub> and <italic>bla</italic><sub>GES</sub> genes have been found. To sum up, the results strongly suggest that <italic>Aeromonas</italic> spp. can be considered as agents of antibiotic resistance dissemination from wastewater to the natural environment.</p>