AUTHOR=Blake Robert , Anthony Micah D., Bates Jordan D., Hudson Theresa , Hunter Kamilya M., King Brionna J., Landry Bria L., Lewis Megan L., Painter Richard G.

TITLE=In situ spectroscopy reveals that microorganisms in different phyla use different electron transfer biomolecules to respire aerobically on soluble iron

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01963

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01963

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Absorbance spectra were collected on 12 different live microorganisms, representing six phyla, as they respired aerobically on soluble iron at pH 1.5. A novel integrating cavity absorption meter was employed that permitted accurate absorbance measurements in turbid suspensions that scattered light. Illumination of each microorganism yielded a characteristic spectrum of electrochemically reduced colored prosthetic groups. A total of six different patterns of reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectra were observed. Three different spectra were obtained with members of the Gram-negative eubacteria. <italic>Acidithiobacillus</italic>, representing Proteobacteria, yielded a spectrum in which cytochromes <italic>a</italic> and <italic>c</italic> and a blue copper protein were all prominent. <italic>Acidihalobacter</italic>, also representing the Proteobacteria, yielded a spectrum in which both cytochrome <italic>b</italic> and a long-wavelength cytochrome <italic>a</italic> were clearly visible. Two species of <italic>Leptospirillum</italic>, representing the Nitrospirae, both yielded spectra that were dominated by a cytochrome with a reduced peak at 579 nm. <italic>Sulfobacillus</italic> and <italic>Alicyclobacillus</italic>, representing the Gram-positive Firmicutes, both yielded spectra dominated by <italic>a</italic>-type cytochromes. <italic>Acidimicrobium</italic> and <italic>Ferrimicrobium</italic>, representing the Gram-positive Actinobacteria, also yielded spectra dominated by <italic>a</italic>-type cytochromes. <italic>Acidiplasma</italic> and <italic>Ferroplasma</italic>, representing the Euryarchaeota, both yielded spectra dominated by a <italic>ba</italic><sub>3</sub>-type of cytochrome. <italic>Metallosphaera</italic> and <italic>Sulfolobus</italic>, representing the Crenarchaeota, both yielded spectra dominated by the same novel cytochrome as that observed in the Nitrospirae and a new, heretofore unrecognized redox-active prosthetic group with a reduced peak at around 485 nm. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that individual acidophilic microorganisms that respire aerobically on iron utilize one of at least six different types of electron transfer pathways that are characterized by different redox-active prosthetic groups. <italic>In situ</italic> absorbance spectroscopy is shown to be a useful complement to existing means of investigating the details of energy conservation in intact microorganisms under physiological conditions.</p>