AUTHOR=Maruyama Fumito , Ueki Shoko 

TITLE=Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Nucleocytoplasmic DNA viruses are a large group of viruses that harbor double-stranded DNA genomes with sizes of several 100 kbp, challenging the traditional concept of viruses as small, simple ‘organisms at the edge of life.’ The most intriguing questions about them may be their origin and evolution, which have yielded the variety we see today. Specifically, the phyletic relationship between two giant dsDNA virus families that are presumed to be close, <italic>Mimiviridae</italic>, which infect <italic>Acanthamoeba</italic>, and <italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic>, which infect algae, is still obscure and needs to be clarified by in-depth analysis. Here, we studied <italic>Mimiviridae</italic>–<italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic> phylogeny including the newly identified <italic>Heterosigma akashiwo virus</italic> strain <italic>HaV53</italic>. Gene-to-gene comparison of <italic>HaV53</italic> with other giant dsDNA viruses showed that only a small proportion of <italic>HaV53</italic> genes show similarities with the others, revealing its uniqueness among <italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic>. Phylogenetic/genomic analysis of <italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic> including <italic>HaV53</italic> revealed that the family can be classified into four distinctive subfamilies, namely, Megaviridae (Mimivirus-like), <italic>Chlorovirus</italic>-type, and <italic>Coccolitho</italic>/<italic>Phaeovirus</italic>-type groups, and <italic>HaV53</italic> independent of the other three groups. Several orthologs found in specific subfamilies while absent from the others were identified, providing potential family marker genes. Finally, reconstruction of the evolutionary history of <italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic> and <italic>Mimiviridae</italic> revealed that these viruses are descended from a common ancestor with a small set of genes and reached their current diversity by differentially acquiring gene sets during the course of evolution. Our study illustrates the phylogeny and evolution of <italic>Mimiviridae</italic>–<italic>Phycodnaviridae</italic> and proposes classifications that better represent phyletic relationships among the family members.</p>