AUTHOR=Dai Xin , Wang Haina , Zhang Zhenfeng , Li Kuan , Zhang Xiaoling , Mora-López Marielos , Jiang Chengying , Liu Chang , Wang Li , Zhu Yaxin , Hernández-Ascencio Walter , Dong Zhiyang , Huang Li 

TITLE=Genome Sequencing of Sulfolobus sp. A20 from Costa Rica and Comparative Analyses of the Putative Pathways of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Metabolism in Various Sulfolobus Strains

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01902

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01902

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>The genome of <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> sp. A20 isolated from a hot spring in Costa Rica was sequenced. This circular genome of the strain is 2,688,317 bp in size and 34.8% in G+C content, and contains 2591 open reading frames (ORFs). Strain A20 shares ~95.6% identity at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level and &lt;30% DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values with the most closely related known <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> species (i.e., <italic>Sulfolobus islandicus</italic> and <italic>Sulfolobus solfataricus</italic>), suggesting that it represents a novel <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> species. Comparison of the genome of strain A20 with those of the type strains of <italic>S. solfataricus, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, S. islandicus</italic>, and <italic>Sulfolobus tokodaii</italic>, which were isolated from geographically separated areas, identified 1801 genes conserved among all <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> species analyzed (core genes). Comparative genome analyses show that central carbon metabolism in <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> is highly conserved, and enzymes involved in the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the CO<sub>2</sub> fixation pathways are predominantly encoded by the core genes. All <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> species encode genes required for the conversion of ammonium into glutamate/glutamine. Some <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> strains have gained the ability to utilize additional nitrogen source such as nitrate (i.e., <italic>S. islandicus</italic> strain REY15A, LAL14/1, M14.25, and M16.27) or urea (i.e., <italic>S. islandicus</italic> HEV10/4, <italic>S. tokodaii</italic> strain7, and <italic>S. metallicus</italic> DSM 6482). The strategies for sulfur metabolism are most diverse and least understood. <italic>S. tokodaii</italic> encodes sulfur oxygenase/reductase (SOR), whereas both <italic>S. islandicus</italic> and <italic>S. solfataricus</italic> contain genes for sulfur reductase (SRE). However, neither SOR nor SRE genes exist in the genome of strain A20, raising the possibility that an unknown pathway for the utilization of elemental sulfur may be present in the strain. The ability of <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> to utilize nitrate or sulfur is encoded by a gene cluster flanked by IS elements or their remnants. These clusters appear to have become fixed at a specific genomic site in some strains and lost in other strains during the course of evolution. The versatility in nitrogen and sulfur metabolism may represent adaptation of <italic>Sulfolobus</italic> to thriving in different habitats.</p>