AUTHOR=Hiippala Kaisa , Kainulainen Veera , Kalliomäki Marko , Arkkila Perttu , Satokari Reetta 

TITLE=Mucosal Prevalence and Interactions with the Epithelium Indicate Commensalism of Sutterella spp.

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=7

YEAR=2016

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01706

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01706

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Sutterella</italic> species have been frequently associated with human diseases, such as autism, Down syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the impact of these bacteria on health still remains unclear. Especially the interactions of <italic>Sutterella</italic> spp. with the host are largely unknown, despite of the species being highly prevalent. In this study, we addressed the interaction of three known species of <italic>Sutterella</italic> with the intestinal epithelium and examined their adhesion properties, the effect on intestinal barrier function and the pro-inflammatory capacity <italic>in vitro</italic>. We also studied the relative abundance and prevalence of the genus <italic>Sutterella</italic> and <italic>Sutterella wadsworthensis</italic> in intestinal biopsies of healthy individuals and patients with celiac disease (CeD) or IBD. Our results show that <italic>Sutterella</italic> spp. are abundant in the duodenum of healthy adults with a decreasing gradient toward the colon. No difference was detected in the prevalence of <italic>Sutterella</italic> between the pediatric IBD or CeD patients and the healthy controls. <italic>Sutterella parvirubra</italic> adhered better than the two other <italic>Sutterella</italic> spp. to differentiated Caco-2 cells and was capable of decreasing the adherence of <italic>S. wadsworthensis</italic>, which preferably bound to mucus and human extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, only <italic>S. wadsworthensis</italic> induced an interleukin-8 production in enterocytes, which could be due to different lipopolysaccharide structures between the species. However, its pro-inflammatory activity was modest as compared to non-pathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>. <italic>Sutterella</italic> spp. had no effect on the enterocyte monolayer integrity <italic>in vitro</italic>. Our findings indicate that the members of genus <italic>Sutterella</italic> are widely prevalent commensals with mild pro-inflammatory capacity in the human gastrointestinal tract and do not contribute significantly to the disrupted epithelial homeostasis associated with microbiota dysbiosis and increase of Proteobacteria. The ability of <italic>Sutterella</italic> spp. to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells indicate that they may have an immunomodulatory role.</p>