AUTHOR=Thakur Raman , Anand Rajesh , Tiwari Shraddha , Singh Agam P. , Tiwary Bhupendra N. , Shankar Jata 

TITLE=Cytokines induce effector T-helper cells during invasive aspergillosis; what we have learned about T-helper cells?

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2015

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00429

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2015.00429

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Invasive aspergillosis caused by <italic>Aspergillus</italic> species (<italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic>, <italic>A. flavus</italic>, and <italic>A. terreus</italic>) is life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Understanding the innate and adaptive immune response particularly T-helper cells (T<sub>H</sub>-cells) against these <italic>Aspergillus</italic> species and how the different sub-set of T<sub>H</sub>-cells are regulated by differentiating cytokines at primary target organ site like lung, kidney and brain is of great significance to human health. This review focuses on presentation of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> through Antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the naive CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells in the host. The production of differentiating/effector cytokines that activate following T<sub>H</sub>-cells, e.g., T<sub>H</sub>1, T<sub>H</sub>2, T<sub>H</sub>9, and T<sub>H</sub>17 has been reported in association or alone in allergic or invasive aspergillosis. Chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL1, and CCL20) and their receptors associated to these T<sub>H</sub>-cells have also been observed in invasive aspergillosis. Thus, further study of these T<sub>H</sub>-cells in invasive aspergillosis and other elements of adaptive immune response with <italic>Aspergillus</italic> species are required in order to have a better understanding of host response for safer and effective therapeutic outcome.</p>