Editorial: Biomarker Testing for Improving Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

Hendrianus Hendrianus ¹ ELIANO NAVARESE ² Diana Gorog ³ Paul A Gurbel ⁴ SANG-WOOK KIM ¹ Young-Hoon Jeong ^1*

• ¹ Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
• ² University of Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
• ³ Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
• ⁴ Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Precision medicine has emerged as a transformative approach in healthcare, customizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to the unique characteristics of individual patients. In the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD), biomarker testing has become essential, providing critical insights for diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis, monitoring, and treatment responses. Cardiovascular (CV) biomarkers are invaluable tools in this field, offering precise measurements of disease processes and enabling targeted therapeutic interventions. The studies highlighted in this research topic demonstrate advancements in CV biomarker research, emphasizing their role in enhancing precision medicine for CVD.Genetic biomarkers may hold promise, as demonstrated by Hager Jaouadi et al., for revisiting the genetic underpinnings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM, a condition fraught with diagnostic challenges, often leaves over half of patients without a precise genetic diagnosis. By reanalyzing exome sequencing data from the HYPERGEN cohort and incorporating newly identified HCM-associated genes such as SVIL, FHOD3, and TRIM63, the study achieved a 9% increase in variant identification of HCM. This dynamic approach to genetic biomarker research underscores its potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and personalized care for HCM patients. The studies featured in this research topic highlight the diverse applications of CV biomarkers in precision medicine. Diagnostic biomarkers, such as the CAG-IMR index and immune cell subsets, facilitate early and accurate detection of CVD. Risk stratification and prognostic biomarkers, including baPWV, help identify high-risk individuals who may benefit from tailored interventions. Monitoring biomarkers, such as immune profiles in CKD, offer insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers like hs-CRP guide therapeutic decisions, enhancing the personalization of CV care.Building on these diverse applications, recent advancements in CV biomarker research have further expanded the role of precision medicine, deepening our understanding of the complex factors influencing heart diseases. However, integrating biomarkers into clinical practice presents several challenges, including the need for rigorous validation across diverse populations and the establishment of standardized protocols for their use (1). Future research should aim to address these challenges while expanding the applications of CV biomarkers. Multi-omics approaches, which integrate genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, hold tremendous potential for discovering novel biomarkers and unraveling complex disease mechanisms (2). Furthermore, artificial intelligence and machine learning can accelerate biomarker discovery, optimize data interpretation, and facilitate clinical implementation, thus advancing the field of precision medicine (3). Additionally, emerging technologies, such as telemedicine and wearable devices, offer promising avenues for incorporating biomarkers into routine patient care, enhancing both precision and accessibility in CV health management (4).CV biomarker testing is a cornerstone of future precision medicine. The studies discussed in this research topic exemplify the transformative potential of CV biomarkers in improving patient care. By addressing existing challenges and embracing innovative research and technology, the medical community can further leverage the power of CV biomarkers to improve CV outcomes and shape the future of precision medicine.