Commentary: "From education to exploitation: the high price paid by resident physicians in Ecuador's medical specialization"

Iván Cevallos Gonzalo Mantilla Ivan Sisa ^*

• Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador

IntroductionWe read with interest the opinion article by Izquierdo-Condoy and colleagues[1] regarding the significant shortage of specialist physicians in Ecuador and how this scenario has evolved to a form of systemic exploitation with overworked and poorly economically compensated. Currently in Ecuador there are 62 universities accredited by our local Higher Education Council (CES) (34 public and 28 private universities) [2]. However, only 16 universities have programs for a medical specialization and 10 are private universities. Jointly these universities offer 36 residency programs or postgraduate training where Ecuadorian physicians can obtain a medical specialization (Table). DiscussionIt is well known the scarcity of specialist doctors especially in Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the difficulties they must face to get a medical specialization. For example, LMICs represents 48% of the global population but have 20% of the surgical specialist workforce compared to high-income countries [3]. The present article focuses on this systemic and global health problem taking Ecuador as a case sample based on three aspects: i) the status of physicians in training as “students in training” which impedes them to receive a regular employee salary within the Ecuadorian public health sector, ii) the scarcity of residency programs outside major cities, and iii) physical and mental health risks due to excessive workweeks that go beyond 100h. This could ultimately have negative impact on the medical system and healthcare in general. For example, a study found that intensive care unit residents made more serious medical errors under extended shifts schedule than with reduce work hours per week [4]. Further, Izquierdo-Condoy and colleagues’ advice that incorporating perspectives from local key stakeholders in charge of the training of young Ecuadorian medical graduates could enhance the depth/impact of this analysis [1]. Based on our own experience training resident physicians at San Francisco University of Quito (USFQ, Spanish acronym), we would like to extend this extremely important discussion. In the Ecuadorian case, the most outstanding point revolves around remuneration. Hence, meeting economic needs is without a doubt a priority for resident physicians, because it is the pivot for their mental health and performance in their residency program. However, the context is much broader and necessarily involves understanding the economic reality of Ecuador, which is very different from that of other countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, or Australia, with an average of gross domestic product per capita of US$57,198 compared to US$6,455 of Ecuador [5]. Despite of this even in high-income countries cases of medical exploitation have been reported among physicians in training. For example, last December around 400 residents and fellows in training in Boston, Massachusetts protested outside of one of the world-renowned hospitals in the area. The protestants claimed that they don´t receive a fair economic compensation for the long week hours they work [6]. Higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression measurements, related to workload, have been found in medical specialties including anesthesiology, general surgery, gynecology and intensive care medicine, in which due to the nature of the clinical practice, patients expectations, and the critical decisions to be made put at higher risk to burnout compared to other specialties, such as dermatology, psychiatry, family medicine or pathology [7,8]. Thus, the quality of care is impacted by the above, to which is added the lack of specialists at a time when medicine requires the highest specialization to benefit patients. However, literature informs an excessive training of general practitioners, overcrowding in some specialties and serious deficiencies in others [9]. How can all the interests involved in this problem be harmonized? That is the question we must answer between stakeholders involved including government, health institutions and universities. The USFQ has participated with concrete proposals to achieve regulatory changes and has worked positively with the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health. Thus, we propose some initiatives to bring potential solutions to tackle this public health issue that not only affects Ecuador but most LMICs:1.Create a mental health profile at entry to the medical and postgraduate programs and periodically monitor during their advancement and graduation. Also, make available physician wellness programs with 24/7 access to psychologists skilled in physician mental health [10] . 2.Define locally a fixed number of graduates annually in medicine, otherwise could be a potential source of labor exploitation.3.Differentiate between specialization programs to establish the workloads in the hospital facilities.4.Analyze the duration of the different programs so that the workload, the teaching activity, and compliance with the number of procedures according to the profile of the specialist's graduate can be balanced.5.It should be considered that specialties that require practical skills, such as surgery, if hospital practice hours are reduced, will have to extend the duration of the program, or reduce the number of students. This would lead to increases in the costs of education and in the useful life of the specialist.6.Guide local specialty requirements based on a well-planned national policy addressing issues of access and equity [9]7.Support the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health initiatives to change the current legal status of students in training to physicians in training so they are able to receive a regular employee salary in the public sector [11]